Helminth fauna of farm and wild ruminants grazed on common pastures, in mountain areas of distribution of wild animal (tur, roe deer, Persian wild goat, gemsa) and in south regions (roe deer) was studied. Helmintholarvoscopic examinations were carried out by Wajda and Berman-Orlov techniques, and the postmortem examination – by K.I. Skryabin method.  The post mortem examination of animals’ lungs (tur, Persian wild goat, roe deer, sheep and goat) revealed that the largest number of helminths was found in roe deer what could be explained by a high migration activity, increased communication both with farm and wild animals. In farm animals (sheep, goat) and in the representative of the wild fauna (Persian wild goat) nine helminth types (in each group) were found what was less than in roe deer and tur. In farm and wild ruminants on pasture the common types of Protostrongylidae were determined except Dictyocaulus. eckerti, Neostrongylus linearis, Capreocaulus capreoli which were found in roe deer, Persian wild goat and Caucasian tur. Varestrongylus capreoli, D. eckerti, Protostrongylus davtiani, P. skrjbini, Cystocaulus vsevolodovi have been registered for the first time on the territory of Chechen Republic.

Objective of research: to study the structure of ventral sucker of trematode Fаsciolа hepatica, the main organ of fixation to the walls of hepatic ducts in human and vertebrate animals. Materials and methods: three stages of development of F. hepatica were examined using the scanning electron microscopy method. 1 and 3 day old as well as adult species were used for experiments. To perform the X-ray spectrum analysis and electron microscopy the fascioles were detected, washed in water within one day and dried at the gradual heating. To preserve the fragile structures the water was replaced by isoamyl acetate. The part of material underwent rapid freeze in the solution pre-cooled by nitrogen, and the water was removed using the mechanism of vacuum sublimation. Results: 1 day old F. hepatica parasitizing the bile ducts of animals has a finally-formed ventral sucker consisting of several muscle rings. The first ring of the sucker is located in the middle of the body on the centerline, and raised above the body. The muscular wall of the ventral sucker is represented by circular and transverse fibers that can decrease and expand the cavity of the sucker due to their contracture that enables the ventral sucker of F. hepatica to be fixated to the walls of hepatic ducts. The outlines of the ventral sucker in 3 day old F. hepatica are sharply defined, and have an ellipsoidal form. In the adult F. hepatica the ventral sucker is located in the front part of the body (1/6–1/8 of body length), behind the oral and genital suckers. It is well developed, has sharp outlines, a clear discoid form, and is often closed.

Objective of research: to study the age-related dynamics of Parascaris equorum infection in horses in conditions of Chechen Republic. Materials and methods: the density of P. equorum population in horse body was studied on the base of examinations of fecal samples of 122 horses of different age groups including 27 horses up to one year old, 29 – 1-2 years old, 32 - 3–5 years old, and 34 hordes – older than 6 years. The fecal samples of horses were examined in October – November by flotation method using a saturated solution of zinc sulphate in counting chamber VIGIS to register the number of Parascaris equorum eggs per 1 g of feces. The intensity of infection in horses of different ages was evaluated according to the results of helminthological autopsy of 68 digestive tract sets. The detected helminthes were identified up to the species using the detector of Ivashkin, V. M. - Dvoinos (1984). Results and discussion : the infection rate with P. equorum in horses of different ages was different. The density of P. equorum population decreases with horse age, also the number of eggs P. equorum in feces reduces. According to the results of coproovoscopy the infection in horses up to one year old was 66, 67 %; in 1-2 years old horses - 44, 83; 3–5 years old - 18,75; older than 6 years - 8,82 %. The extensity of infection according to the autopsy reports was: in young horses up to one year - 76,9 %; in 1-2 years old horses - 66,6; 3–5 years old - 31,2 and older than 6 years - 12,5 % at the intensity of infection 30,4±4,5; 23,6±5,0; 19,2±4,6 and 13,3±3,3 specimens /animal, respectively.

Amphykotilidosis in fish in the North Caucasus region belongs to the rare infection and is being transmitted by fish juveniles during recreational activities. 2 types of Amphicotylidae Ariola, 1899 were detected in trout, barbel, riffle minnow, mudfish, and bleak in the basin of the Terek River. The criteria of intensive and extensive invasions for riffle minnow fish juveniles and adults in rivers were 1, 0 – 5, 0%, the intensity of invasion (II) – 3, 0 – 13, 0 expl./ ind. Materials and methods. Research was conducted in rivers Terek, Malka, Baksan, Cherek, and Chegem. We used the Skryabin K.I. method of complete helminthological autopsy (modified by V.A. Dogel in 1970 for examination of fish). During the working period 100 individuals of each species (trout, barbel, riffle minnow mudfish, bleak) were examined. Research results: Fish amphykotilidosis belongs to rare infection diseases and is being transmitted by fish juveniles during recreational activities. Based on parasitological examinations of trout, barbel, riffle minnow, mudfish, and bleak in the basin of the Terek River 2 types of Amphicotylidae Ariola, 1899 with slight intensity and extensity of invasion were determined.

The infection of cattle with Eimeria spp. In agricultural farms of Ivanovo region was studied. Diagnosis for eimeriosis was made based on epizootological data, clinical signs manifested in calves and results of laboratory examination of fecal samples. Totally 2283 fecal samples from young cattle of various breeds were examined. Cattle feces were investigated by Fuelleborn’s method or centrifuge-flotation technique. The Eimeria species were detected using Krylov indicator (1996). The seasonal and age-related dynamics of calve eimeriosis were studied. An unfavorable situation with regard to eimeriosis has been registered in 8 administrative regions. Eimeriosis was found in 14 of 38 investigated agricultural farms. The extensity of infection of young cattle in the region ranged from 13 to 95 %. The intensity of infection was 1–193 examples of oocysts per microscopic field. It was determined that three species: Eimeria zuerni, E. bovis, E. ellipsoidalis parasitize on young cattle. The extensity of Eimeria spp. Infection was as follows: in cattle at an age of 1 to 2 months – 31 %, 2 to 3 months – 88 %, in young cattle: 3 to 4 months – 63, 4–5 months – 43, 5–6 months – 27 %. Calves are infected with eimeriosis mostly in autumn and spring. In winter the extensity of infection is 23 %, spring – 47, summer – 10, autumn – 39 %.

Objective of research: to study the infestation period of calves with the major nematode species in conditions of the Chechen Republic. As a research object served the calves from birth to one year of age. Materials and methods: 69 calves from birth to one year of age were gazing in pastures of Shelkovsk region of Chechnya where cattle previously had been kept spontaneously infected with Strongylata of gastrointestinal tract and lungs. Fecal samples of calves were taken monthly and examined after the preliminary cultivation of infected larvae. The infestation period of calves was determined at the beginning of release of eggs and larvae with feces. The species belonging of trematode larvae was identified according to larva morphology and number of intestinal cells. Results and discussion: It is determined that for the first time the eggs/larvae of trematodes Ostertagia, Cooperia, Trichostrongylus and Dictyocaulus have been found in feces in June, and the eggs/larvae of Haemonchus and Oesophagostomum – in July. In the next months the invasion of calves has increased. The first cases of Strongylata infection in calves are reported in May. The massive infestation of calves occurs by the end of the summer. The highest level of Dictyocaulus viviparus infection is reported in July-August, with Nematodirus spp., Ostertagia sp., Trichostrongylus sp. – in August-September, Cooperia sp., Haemonchus sp. и Oesophagostomum sp. – In September-October. The calf infestation in May is supposedly caused by the presence of the infected overwintered larval nematodes. The maximum infestation of calves at the end of summer and at the beginning of autumn serves as evidence that the infestation occurs most often during the summer period.

The results for the dissemination of heartworm in dogs from Voronezh and the Voronezh region are obtained. Materials and methods. Dirofilariasis was detected in 52 cases (12,3%) of the investigated 424 blood samples. Results and discussion. EI is different in various social dog groups: 24,1% - among the homeless (of 29), 24,6% - security (of 65) and 8,8% of 330 dogs kept in housing conditions and private homes. Dirofilariasis was registered in all age groups of 1 to 14,5 years, but the highest invasion rate (42,2%) was observed in dogs 1 to 5 years of age. The subcutaneous dirofilariasis (Dirofilaria repens) is twice as often as the cardiovascular dirofilariasis (D. Immitis).

Materials and methods. Epizootic situation and distribution of trichinellosis in carnivorous mammals (wolf, fox, white bear, brown bear, wolverine, lynx) in the territory of Yakutia were studied. Trichinellosis was detected in five of six examined animal species. Results and discussion. The extension of infection caused by Trichinella spp. was in wolf 15,2 % (13 regions of Yakutia were investigated), in red fox – 3,3 (10 regions), in brown bear – 19,7 (16 regions), in wolverine – 20 % (10 regions). The highest level of infeсtion of brown bear with Trichinella spp in Olekminsky region of Yakutia was 42,8 %. Trichinellosis was detected in three examined white bears of tundra zone. In examined lynx trichinellosis was not registered. Based on the genetic investigations, the authors presume that the species of Trichinella native is circulating on the territory of Yakutia. 

The epizootological pattern for intensive technologies of livestock management and natural ecosystems were determined. The epizootic situation on parasitic zoonoses in Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Tadzhikistan, and Kyrgyzstan was studied. The technology of veterinary and sanitary expertise of meat products of animals’ slaughtering was improved. The antiparasitic drugs discovery was conducted; their efficacy against ecto and endoparasites evaluated, a pharmacological and toxicological assessment submitted, a drug administration schedule developed. The influence of infections and preventive measures on the host immune response has been determined, and the drugs having immunocorrection properties are proposed. 41 scientific institutions were involved in the implementation of Interdepartmental and Interstate Science programs. 294 research associates were participants in these programs.

Distribution of intestinal helminthosis in sheep in plain and foothill areas of Dagestan has been studied. Materials and methods  By the method of helminthological post mortem examination of intestinal tract a high infection rate of cestodes and nematodes in sheep was determined.  Results and discussion  The infection of young sheep up to 14 months of age with Moniezia spp. was 68,7 %, Thysaniezia giardi - 12,5 % at intensity of infection 6,7±0,7 expl./head; 2,7±0,3; 2,0±0,3; 106,9±6,7 and 68,3±7,3 expl./head respectively. In addition, a mono-infection was observed in 53,1 % of sheep, 12,5 % - were infected with two types of helminths, 9,4 % - with three, 9,4 % with four helminth types. The infestation of sheep more than two years of age was: with Moniezia spp. 17,9 %, Th. giardia - 12,8, A. centripunctata - 10,2, Nematodirus spp. -17,9 and Bunostomum spp. - 12,8 % at II (intensity of infection) 5,3±0,5 expl./head; 5,4±0,6; 4,2±0,4; 171,8±9,3 and 67,2±6,8 expl./ head respectively. The mono-infection was found in 23,0 % of sheep , in 15,4 % - the infestation with two helminth types, in 2,5 % - with three and in 2,5 % – with four helminth types. At mixed infection the intensity of infection with particular helminth types decreases in comparison with the mono infection. The pathogenic effect of helminths increases at infestation with several helminth types.

The results of serological monitoring of larvae Echinococcus granulosus (Egl) and Taenia hydatigena (Thl) of sheep in farms of different zones of the Kabardino-Balkariya Republic carried out using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the comparability of the immunoassay data with the rate of animal infestation are presented. Materials and methods 225 blood serum samples collected from sheep were examined. As antigens for ELISA test served the excretory secretory products from Echinococcus granulosus (Egl) and Taenia hydatigena (Thl) protoscoleces, as conjugate – affinity purified, specific to sheep immunoglobulin, peroxidase labeled rabbit antigens. Results and discussion
It was found that the sensitivity of immunoassay for antigen from protoscoleces Egl was 75,6–77,8 %, and from protoscoleces Thl – 71,1–75,6 %. The specificity of ELISA estimated using the blood serum from clinically healthy sheep was: for antigen from protoscoleces Egl 73,3 %, and from protoscoleces Thl – 71,1 %. The differences between the number of sheep giving a positive reaction to ELISA tests and the rate of infestation with cestodes based on the results of postmortem examination were determined. The data of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of sheep blood sera matched with the data of the animal infestation rate with Echinococcus granulosus (Egl) in 88,2–91,4 %, and Taenia hydatigena, larvae (Thl) – in 81,3–93,5 %, on the average 90,0 and 86,5 % respectively. Thus, we can make a conclusion that the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of parasite antigens in protoscoleces can be used for the seroepizootological monitoring for cystic echinococcosis and cysticercosis (Thl).

The treatment of experimental hymenolepiasis in larval and imaginal stages of parasite development with praziquantel in combination with indomethacin or ibuprofen and a complex of antioxidant vitamins C, E, β-Carotene is an effective way of protection of the host genome of somatic and generative cells and the full dehelmintization of the host. The most effective way of treatment of hymenolepidosis in 6–11 year-old children is the concomitant therapy with praziquantel applied at a single dose of 25 mg/kg of body weight plus ibuprofen at a rate of 20 mg/kg of body weight, and a complex of antioxidant vitamins C, E, β-Carotene with selenium (2 additional days). Praziquantel is administered to adults at the same dose in combination with indomethacin and a complex of antioxidant vitamins C, E, β-Carotene with selenium according to the same regimen. 

Materials and methods 175 male mice СВА at 4–5 month of age and of a weight 18–20 g served as a material for experimental study. The clinical reasoning of a concomitant therapy for hymenolepidosis has been performed at Vitebsk Regional Clinical Hospital of Infectious diseases. Two series of experiments were conducted: the 1st – on laboratory animals, the 2nd – with the involvement of patients with hymenolepidosis and blood donors.  In the first series the impact of hymenolepidosis therapy with praziquantel, phenasal, albendazole, indomethacin, ibuprofen and a complex of antioxidant vitamins C, E, β-Carotene with selenium and their combinations on the results of alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) by N. P. Singh et al. with modification of B. Hellman et al. as well as the intensity of dwarf tapeworm infection (in imaginal stages) were studied. As a common internationally agreed standard for the estimation of genotoxic effect of environmental factors by the DNA-comet assay we used the «tail moment» which was measured by multiplying the percentage of DNA (fluorescence) in the tail by the length of tail. To estimate the cytotoxic effect, 100 cells were randomly taken for analysis and the percentage of apoptosis with a small sized nucleus and a large tail dispersed in all directions was determined. The experiments were conducted on 175 mice divided into two groups. The first group contained 75 mice and was a control group. The second series was devoted to development of the treatment model for hymenolepidosis in humans using praziquantel with indomethacin or ibuprofen and a complex of antioxidant vitamins C, E, β-Carotene with selenium. The clinical experiments were conducted on 16 patients with hymenolepidosis, 10 of which (first group) were at the age of 6 to 11 years (6 boys and 4 girls) and 6 patients (second group) – at the age of 25 to 36 years (4 men and 2 women). Results and discussion
The effect of concomitant therapy (praziquantel, phenasal, albendazole), antioxidant therapy  (vitamins C, E, β-Carotene with selenium) on the genome of a host as well as the intensity of hymenolepidosis infection in mice infested by the eggs of dwarf tapeworms in imaginal stages at a dose of 20 eggs/g body weight ( from 11 to 13 days) were studied. The administration of all drugs and their combinations to the animals of control groups did not lead to a significant increase in tail moment of bone marrow cells and apoptotic cells in comparison with the data of intact control except the administration of phenasal.

Objective of research: studies of the grade of environmental contamination in the objects of outdoor environment - poultry farms by chicken ticks Dermanyssus Gallinae and evaluation of the efficacy of preparation Biorex GH against arachkoentomoses. Materials and methods: 20 scrapes from the objects of outdoor environment (floor, wall surface, passageways etc.) were taken to determine the grade of the poultry farms contamination by infection elements of D.gallinae. The number of ticks including egg, larva, nymph and imago stages, were calculated under a microscope in a Petri dish. Biorex GH concentrate 2,5% (active ingredient - cypermethrin ) was applied for desacarization of the poultry farm during the preparation period at a working concentration 0,005 % by consumption rate 150 ml /1 m2 and exposition within 24 hours. In the final stage of preparation the desacarization was conducted using the same drug concentration by consumption rate 75 ml/ 1 m2. The drug efficacy was determined weekly over the first month, then every two weeks based on the calculation of the amount of ticks in the installed traps. Results and discussion: The 45% infestation of examined samples was reported based on the fact that 3–12 examples D.gallinae was found in one sample. Scrapes from the wall surface were infested by ticks by 40 %, technological equipment - 20 %, passageways - 10 %. The drug efficacy in different terms after treatment was 88,5 and 85,1 %. The treatment with Biorex GH had a positive impact on preservation, productivity and other production and economic parameters.

Objective of research: studying of acute toxicity of supramolecular complexes of Fenbendazole developed using chemical mechanical technology in comparison with the substance of preparation injected to the stomach of white mice and rats. Materials and methods:
The research of parameters of acute toxicity of the supramolecular complexes of Fenbendazole was conducted according to «Guidelines for experimental (pre-clinical) studies of new pharmaceutical compounds», and other rules. Preparations were injected to the stomach of white rats and mice of both gender with the body mass 160–180 and 18–20 g. at a single dose 7 000, 10 000, 15 000 and 20 000 mg/ kg, respectively. Each dose was investigated on 6 white rats and 10 white mice. Within 14 days we observed the general health status and behavior of animals, symptoms of intoxication and eventual death. We also conducted postmortem examinations of the fallen animals. The parameters of acute toxicity were determined by the method of Litchfield J. and Wilcoxon F. (M.D. Belen’ky, 1963). Results and discussion:
It was not possible to detect LD50 in supramolecular complex of Fenbendazole and the base  drug Fenbendazole due to the low toxicity. The maximum endurable dose of supramolecular complex no. 2 was 10 000 mg/kg, LD50 -value in supramolecular complex of Fenbendazole no. 2 at injection to the stomach of white mice and rats was 20 000 mg/kg.

Objective of research: to estimate the potential embryotropic properties of the anthelmintic Mitranox. Materials and methods: the experiments were conducted on 70 white outbreed pregnant rats divided into one control and 6 experimental groups (10 animals in each). The preparation was given orally to pregnant female rats of the 1st , 2nd and 3rd experimental group in a form of 1% starch suspension at the therapeutic dose 100 mg/kg, and to the rats of the 4th , 5th and 6th group at a triple dose 300 mg/kg in the critical periods of embryogenesis (1–6, 7–14 and 15–19 days of pregnancy). Pregnant female rats of the control group received a 1% starch suspension. On the 20th day of embryogenesis all pregnant rats were killed by decapitation, and the embryos were examined according to Methodical Recommendations of the State Pharmacological Committee «Guidelines for experimental (preclinical) studies of new pharmaceutical substances», «Methodological guidelines for the hygienic assessment of new pesticides» and the Rules of Laboratory Practice in the Russian Federation. Results: No pathological changes in the internal organs have been found. No malformation signs and other fetal and placenta abnormalities have been detected. The preparation has no embryotoxic effect because there was no difference in fetal mass and size between the control and experimental groups. The pre- and post implantation death of rats and the total fetal mortality in experimental groups did not differ from the data of the control group. No teratogenic effects of the drug were determined when the measurements of the average size of rudiments of embryonic skeleton were carried out.

Materials and methods. The results of experiments on 15 dogs showed the effect of Avertel (used at therapeutic and triple doses) on clinical status, hematological and clinical parameters. The drug was injected to dogs daily within 7 days with 24-hour interval subconsciously at a therapeutic dose of 1 ml/kg or 0,5 mg/kg of aversectine C1 and 5 mg/kg of praziquantel and at a triple dose (0,3 ml/kg – 1,5 mg/kg aversectine C1 and 15 mg/kg of praziquantel). Results and discussion. Before injection and 1,5 and 10 days after the last injection the blood samples were collected to determine the hematological and biochemical parameters. The results of observation of general health status and behavior of dogs as well as the clinical, hematological and biochemical parameters serve as evidence of good tolerance of preparation used at the recommended therapeutic and increased doses.

In 016 the accreditation of medical specialists for their specialty and activity types will be appointed. The contents of physician training programs becomes increasingly important. The formation of new professional competencies is determinative. The contents of the training programs should be aimed at the requirements of practical healthcare. The training programs which are focused on the formation of only one kind of activity can cause the leak in the systematic and fundamental contents of training programs, and as a result, the low quality of the specialists training. Issues on selection and structure of the programs’ contents with respect to the accreditation are presented. The fundamental (biological) subjects included in the programs contribute to the preservation of scientific novelty, systematicity, knowledge continuity at different levels of the specialists’ training, assures the increase in integration of basic (biological) knowledge with the special knowledge enhancing the chance for the achievement of professional competencies. 

Methodological guidelines for application of immunomodulatory agents in combination therapy of helminthosis have been developed. The list of immunomodulatory drugs recommended for combination therapy of animal helminthosis includes T-activin, Ribotan, Ronkoleikin, Polyoxidonium. The isolated drug application reveals the selective mechanism of their immune-biological effects. T-activin directly affects the cellular immune response in primary and secondary disorders of immune system and in drug-induced immunodeficiency diseases. Ribotan stimulates production of antibodies against specific antigens as well as interferon and lymphokines synthesis. Ribotan has a bioregulatory activity influencing the functional status of the liver monooxygenase system. Biological effects of Ronkoleikin are directed at growth, definition and activation of T- and B-lymphocytes, synthesis of different isotypes of immunoglobulins in plasma cells, production of interferons α, β, γ. Pilot injections of Polyoxidonium prevent negative effects of the anthelmintic drug on the functional activity of T- and B-lymphocytes and stabilize the immune system.