Objective of research: To reveal the regional specificity of intestinal helminth fauna in stray animals kept in shelters of different regions of Russia. Materials and methods: In 2014-2016 on the basis of a lab of one of the private Moscow vet clinics, 430 fecal samples from dogs and 119 from cats kept in 5 shelters of different regions of Russia were investigated. Fecal samples were delivered to the lab in special plastic containers and examined on the same day by Kalantaryan method using flotation solution of sodium nitrate. Type of eggs, helminth larvae and protozoan oocysts was identified according to their morphological features and size. Samples were submitted to us under condition of confidentiality, therefore we only name the regions where we have investigated the shelters. In Moscow region and in Kirov city, samples from dogs and cats were collected and investigated; in Astrakhan and Novosibirsk - only from dogs and in Krasnodar only from cats. Results and discussion: 7 species of intestinal helminths Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris (Trichocephalis) vulpis, Strongyloides sp., Eucoleus sp., family Ancylostomatidae, family Taeniidae and 2 species of protozoa Cystoisospora canis, C. ohioensis were found in dogs; in cats - 4 helminth species Toxocara cati, T. leonina, Trichuris sp., family Ancylostomatidae and 2 species of protozoa C. felis, C. rivolta . Average infestation in dogs with intestinal parasites was 20,4 %, in cats - 46,2 %. The highest infestation in dogs was registered in shelters of Astrakhan (27,7 %) and in Kirov city (24,7 %), little bit lower - in Moscow region (19,3 %), minor infestation - in Novosibirsk (4,9 %). Infestation in cats was almost equal in the regions 38,2-52,2 %. Helminths T. canis were found in dogs from all shelters; in Moscow region and Kirov city, the extensity of invasion was 12,6 and 8,6 %, respectively; in Astrakhan and Novosibirsk - significantly lower 1,4 and 2,4 %. Tr. vulpis dominated in Astrakhan (EI 12,8 %), in Moscow region - only 0,8 %, and in other regions not found. In Kirov city dominated nematodes of the family Ancylostomatidae (13,6 %) that were found sporadically in Moscow region and Novosibirsk. Protozoa Cystoisospora were found in dogs of all shelters (EI from 1,2 to 4,1 %). Helminths T. cati were detected in cats of all shelters (EI from 12,5 to 35,3 %), helminth eggs Trichuris sp. and the family Ancylostomatida e were found in cats only in Krasnodar city. Protozoa of the genus Cystoisospora were found in cats of all shelters (EI from 2,9 % in Moscow region and Krasnodar city, up to 31,2 % in Kirov city).

Objective of research: The purpose of this paper is the analysis of literature sources on the resistance of some helminth species to unfavorable physical, chemical and biological factors of the environment. Materials and methods: Literature sources that describe the resistance of some species of helminth eggs to unfavorable physical, chemical and biological environmental factors were analyzed. Results and discussion: Nematode eggs ( Parascaris equorum and Ascaris suum) die in water at the temperature of 60 °С for 25-30 sec., at 70-80 °С - for 2 sec.; Ascaridia galli eggs at 45 °С - for 2 hr., at 55 °С - for 2 sec.; Ascaris lumbricoides eggs at 50 °С - for 5 min., at 55-60 °С - for 5 sec. and at 65 °С - for 2 sec. Drying of P. equorum eggs at temperature of 30-36 °С leads to their death after 3-5 days. P. equorum and Ascaris eggs die after 15 min. at temperature of 70 °С. Low air temperatures have different effects on helminth eggs. At temperatures below zero, the metabolic processes and development of P. equorum eggs stop. Concentrated sulfuric, chlorohydric, nitric, carbolic acids as well as creolin, bleach powder, dichloroethane, cresol are mostly used for elimination of helminth eggs. 3 and 5% solutions of disinfectants «Bior-N», «Veltorgan» and «Amocide» can be used for a 100% inhibition of development of ascaris eggs. For the elimination of Ascaris suum eggs, a method of wastewater treatment with the use of phytoplankton Clorella vulgaris and Scenedesmys obliguus has been suggested. Wastewater treated in bioponds is completely cleaned from helminth eggs. Harmful effects of rhizosphere of marigold, pot marigold, barley and millet on helminth eggs were determined. Various protozoa also affect the viability of helminth eggs. So, Amoeba verrucosa can intake ascaris eggs and free larvae released from eggs. Predatory infusoria Bursaria truncatula, Stylonichia mytilus and Stentor sp. intake and ascaris eggs, coracidia of Pseudophyllidea and miracidia of Fasciola hepatica , and completely digest them within 24-72 hrs. Oligochaeta, Bedford’s flatworms (Pseudobiceros bedfordi), aquatic insects, Crustacea and mollusks take part in the elimination of helminth eggs.

Objective of research: A study of the population structure of single helminth types in mixed infections of cattle within the Chechen Republic. Materials and methods: Studies were carried out in 2013-2015 based on helminthological autopsies of 86 head of cattle of different age slaughtered in meatpacking plants or slaughterhouses of the Chechen Republic. Fecal samples were obtained from 105 calves and investigated by flotation method. To detect Cryptosporidium sp. Oocysts, a thin smear of animal feces was prepared, dried, fixed with methyl alcohol and stained with carbol fuchsin by Ziehl-Neelsen method. Results and discussion: It was found that mixed helminthiases occur in 28,3 % of cows, 47,4 % of calves, 58,8 % of young cattle. The helminth population in young cattle was 2-3 times higher than that in adult cattle. Totally 378,7 helminth individuals were detected in young cattle, among them 28,4 % - Nematodirus helvetianus , 32,2 %- Paramphistomum cervi, 6,0 % - Trichocephalus ovis and 4,0 % - Trichostrongylus axei.

Objective of research: A study of species composition, features of biology and prevalence of the causative agents of cattle hypodermatosis in different climate zones of the Chechen Republic. Materials and methods: Expedition and stationary observations were conducted in livestock farms and inhabited localities of the republic to study the epizootiology of hypodermatosis. Clinical trials were carried out by standard methods in eleven settlements located in plain, piedmont and mountains. Based on the clinical examination the diagnosis was made and the distribution of hypodermatosis estimated. During the research, the insect entrapment was conducted every ten days; insects were registered during the light-day: in the morning, afternoon and evening. Results and discussion: Cattle hypodermatosis is spread everywhere, in the Chechen Republic. Two gadfly species were detected: Hypoderma bovis and H. lineatum. The number of H. bovis and H. lineatum in plain was 56,7 and 43,3 %; piedmont - 64,3 and 35,7%; mountains - 97,6 and 2,4 %, respectively. In years with early spring, the gadfly flight begins in plain in the second decade of April; in piedmont and mountains - in the first and second decades of May. The major peaks in insect abundance were registered in the second-third decades of June; the gadfly flight was over in October (in plain), August - September (in piedmont and mountains). In years with early spring, the insect flight was registered in the second decade of May. In years with late spring, the first flight of insects was registered in the third decade of May, first - second decades of June. Later on, during the third decade of June and two decades of July, a reduced gadfly abundance was reported. The daily activity of gadflies depends on the air temperature and humidity. On sunny days, the gadfly flight was observed at temperature 7-9 °С, on cloudy days - at 13-15 °С. In summer, the highest daily activity of insects was reported from 8 a.m. to noon.

Objective of research: To study the spread of causative agents of babesiosis in ticks collected on the territory of the Kirov region with the use of molecular-genetic methods. Materials and methods: In this paper, the method of molecular-genetic detection of genetic material of the pathogen in the sample was used (the method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Ticks were collected from vegetation cover as well as from people and domestic animals (dogs, cats). Ticks were estimated according to identification tables. Causative agents of babesiosis were determined by the extraction of total nucleic acids from each tick; all ticks were examined using PCR. Total DNA extraction from ticks stored in 70% ethyl alcohol was performed with the use of guanidine thiocyanate. The proportion of ticks infected with Babesia was determined depending on the year, collection area on the territory of the Kirov region, species and sexual belonging of ticks. Results and discussion: It was found that the major tick vectors of Babesia on the territory of the Kirov region are ticks Ixodes persulcatus . In addition, two other tick species Dermacentor reticulatus and I. ricinus were detected in that region. It was shown, that the rate of Babesia infection in ticks Ixodes persulcatus was higher than in D. reticulatus and I. ricinus . The average percentage of ticks infected with Babesia was 53,07 %. A gradual increase of percentage of infected individuals with the maximum value 73,2 % was registered in 2012. However, in the following year, a significant decrease (51,7 %) was reported, and the minimum number of ticks infected with Babesia was observed in 2014 (37,4 %). A significant increase in infestation of ticks was newly observed in 2015 (50,4 %). It was found that male and female ticks are equally likely to be vectors for Babesia. Infection rates in male and female ticks were 54,5 and 49,3 %, respectively. Fluctuations in the number of infected ticks depending on the year (maximum in 2012 and minimum in 2014) were determined. Ticks from South-West districts of the region are mostly infected with Babesia. In the city of Kirov, 55,8 % of ticks are infected with Babesia in spite of acaricide treatment.

Abstract Objective of research: Analysis of epizootic situation on toxoplasmosis and sarcocystosis in human and domestic animals on the territory of the Perm region; determination of causes of disease distribution and search for methods of the fight against these diseases. Materials and methods: Analysis of statistical data of the Center of hygiene and epidemiology in Perm region for the years 2011-2015. Feces from domestic cats and dogs of Perm city were investigated by Kotelnikov-Khrenov method with the use of ammonium nitrate solution. Analysis of veterinary and sanitary rules, standards and sources of literature was conducted by statistical, logical and historical methods. Results and discussion: Toxoplasmosis and sarcocystosis are widespread infections of human, productive and nonproductive animals; they may cause different pathological processes up to death of persons with HIV infection. Toxoplasmosis is annually found in human, Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis spp. are regularly detected in cats and dogs, T. gondii oocysts found in fecal samples from domestic cats; besides qualitative veterinary and sanitary expertise of meat and meat products from farm animals is not carried out. Nevertheless, systematic fight against these infectious diseases is not conducted due to gaps and contradictions related to veterinary and sanitary standards and rules. To organize a fight against toxoplasmosis and sarcocystosis, it is necessary to make changes to the valid normative documents to regulate legal relationships and attract attention of a wide range of people to this problem; in particular, to make changes to valid Sanitary Norms and Regulations 3.2.3215-14 in relation to toxoplasmosis and sarcocystosis. The data on invasion should be added to the plan of anti-epizootic measures on productive animals (cattle, goats, sheep, pigs). It is necessary to elaborate and implement the available cheap express - methods (allergic intradermal test with toxoplasmine and sarcocystine) for diagnosis of these diseases. Development and approval of new «Rules of veterinary inspection of slaughtered animals and veterinary-sanitary expertise of meat and meat products» appropriately considering toxoplasmosis and sarcocystosis are required to prevent infestation of human through animal products.

Objective of research: The epidemiological analysis of spatial distribution of ascariasis among the population in different regions of Belarus taking into account anthropological and cultural aspects. The studies on regional differences in ascariasis conducted in the USSR were focused rather on climatic, hygienic and economic factors and did not consider the causative role of cultural and anthropological factors in epidemiological process. The study is aimed at comparing regional indices of ascariasis with the previously defined two spatial historical gradient manifested in Belarus. Materials and methods: The effect of social and cultural spatial gradient was assessed by correlating differences in ascariasis morbidity between eastern and western regions of Belarus. Thus, the effect of ethnic and anthropological spatial gradient was considered in comparison of epidemiological indices between the Brest region situated on the south-west of the country and Vitebsk regions on the northeast. The analysis was performed with the historical perspective; the regional epidemiological statistics were compared in two periods 1970-1989 and 2000-2014. The work is based on the national Ministry of Health’ official annual statistics data. Results and discussion: The analysis showed that the differentiation trend in distribution of ascariasis in Belarus correlates both with historical-cultural and anthropological spatial gradients. The identified pattern of regional differentiation allows evaluating the complex effect of sociocultural and anthropogenic components on epidemiological features of ascariasis.

Objective of research: To determine the intermediate hosts of nematodes and their role in the distribution of causative agents of animal protostrongylidosis in Uzbekistan. Materials and methods: Research was conducted in 2010-2015 in biogeocenoses of Fergana valley (Namangan, Fergana, Andijan regions), in the north-west of Uzbekistan (Tashkent, Syrdarya and Zhizzakh regions). Natural invasion of land mollusks - intermediate hosts of helminths was investigated under field conditions. To identify the species belonging of land mollusks, we carried out a standard anatomization of reproductive system of mollusks using Magnifier MBS-9. 10554 individuals of land mollusks were investigated by the method of Azimov et al. and by compressor method of Boev. To conduct a morphological study of third-stage protostrongylid larvae, feet of infected mullusks were separated and placed into artificial gastric juice where the cap was destroyed and infected larvae released. Results and discussion: Terrestrial mollusks of 11 genera Vallonia, Gibbulinopsis, Pupilla, Pseudonapaeus, Bradybaena, Angiomphalia, Xeropicta, Deroceras, Candaharia, Maсrochlamys and Succinea were identified as intermediate hosts of Protostrongylidae in Uzbekistan. Their infestation with protostrongylid larvae was on average 21,0 %. Among the mollusks examined, X. candaсharica (33,3 %) proved to be the most infected with nematode larvae. In plain and foothill-mountain zones, protostrongylid larvae are detected in these mollusks in May. In plain, the peak of invasion was registered in July (18.3%), in foothills and mountain range characterized by two rises in July (38.2%) and October (43.5).

Objective of research: A study on the parasite fauna in dogs and cats of different age in the city of Vladivostok Materials and methods: 154 dogs and 81 cats from 1 month to 18 years of age were investigated in the period from December 2013 to December 2014 at the Department of Biodiversity and Marine Biological Resources of Far Eastern Federal University and veterinary clinics of the city of Vladivostok. Fecal tests were performed by Fullenborn's method. Microscopic examinations of earwax and skin scrapings were carried out to detect ectoparasites. To detect mycoses, we used for inoculation the dense rich nutrient medium (Sabouraud agar). Results and discussion: In 2014, parasitic diseases were registered mostly in cats and dogs over 36 months of age. We did not observe the high extensity of invasion caused by different types of ecto and endoparasites, except O. cynotis that induced infestation in 90% of cats under one year of age. In 1993-1994, high levels of parasite infection were determined in cats and dogs from 1 mo. to 3 years of age. The ectoparasite fauna was more diverse and included in particular such species as Psoroptes sp., Sarcoptes canis, Trichodectes canis and Ctenocephalides cati that were not discovered in 2014. In 1993-1994, dermatophytosis was spread among cats and dogs of different age groups, while in 2014 only single cases of fungal skin infections caused by dermatophytes were reported.

Objective of research: A study of the fauna and ecology of cercariae and metacercariae of the genus Diplostomum in the main reservoirs in the northeast of Uzbekistan. Materials and methods. This paper is based on the results of the study of the fauna and ecology of cercariae and metacercariae of the genus Diplostomum in the Syrdarya river basin (within Uzbekistan). Cercariae and metacercariae were investigated by the most common methods of trematodology. Results and discussion. The results of this study revealed that cercariae of the genus Diplostomum were found only in mollusks Lymnaea inhabiting different types of water bodies of the investigated region. Infestation of mollusks with parthenia and cercariae D. helveticum was observed in L. stagnalis - 1,5 %, L. auricularia - 1,3 %. The infection rate of cercariae D. spathaceum was in L. stagnalis, L. auricularia, L. peregra - 0,7 %, L. corvus - 0,5 %. The last species was described as a new host for D. spathaceum. Original data on the morphology and biology of cercariae D. helveticum and D. spathaceum developing in mollusks of the genus Lymnaea fauna in Uzbekistan, are presented. In the surveyed water bodies numerous species of Cypriniformes were infected with metacercariae of D. helveticum and D. spathaceum.

Objective of research: Estimation of protective effects of Echinococcus multiocularis protoscolex cell antigens in combination with the immunomodulator Roncoleukin in experimental alveolar echinococcosis. Materials and methods: In this experiment we used cellular antigens - E. multilocularis protoscoleces cell metabolites cultivated in artificial substrate [Berezhko V.K. and co-authors, 2001], and immunomodulator Roncoleukin (pharmaceutical form of recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhIL-2). Experiments were conducted on 48 white outbreed mice with the mass of 18-20 g. divided into 4 equal groups. The first group of mice received Roncoleukin twice subcutaneously, with a ten-day interval at the dose of 180 МЕ in 0,2 ml of sterile 0,9% sodium chloride solution; the second group (according to the same schedule) - cell antigens at the dose of 60 mсg protein antigen per mouse and Roncoleukin at the same dose; the third (according to the same schedule) - cell antigens at the dose of 60 mсg protein antigen per mouse. The fourth group (controls) received 0,2 ml of sterile 0,9% sodium chloride solution per mouse. After 20 days, all mice were infected with protoscoleces and acephalocysts of E. multilocularis at the dose of 750±50 ind./mouse. On the 90^th day of invasion, the experimental mice were killed and underwent autopsy according to the «Rules for conducting works using experimental animals». Results and discussion: The results of the experiment showed that the protective effect in the first group receiving Roncoleukin was 58,3%; the third group (cell antigens of protoscoleces - 66,7%); the second group (complex preparation containing Roncoleukin and cell antigens)- 83,3%. Single larval cysts on liver parenchyma without embryonic elements were detected in 2 mice only of the group receiving a complex preparation. In the other two groups, parasitic cysts were registered in 5 and 4 mice with the mass 125,3±21,8 - 142,2±38,02 mg and the size 11,98±4,2 - 12,35±3,46 mm, respectively. All mice from the control group were infected. Numerous larval cysts (size 15,64±1,46mm and mass 580,8±222,09 mg) with developing viable protoscoleces were found in abdomen and internal organs.

The supramolecular complex of triclabendazole is a complex preparation based on triclabendazole with the water-soluble polysaccharide - arabinogalactan produced in impact grinders with the use of mechanochemical nanotechnology. Objective of research: To provide a preclinical assessment of immunotoxic properties of the supramolecular complex of triclabendazole used on laboratory animals. Materials and methods: Two experiments were conducted on 60 male mice with the mass 18-20 g. to determine effects of the supramolecular complex of triclabendazole on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. 20 mice received intragastric injection of preparation once at a therapeutic dose 30 mg/kg in 1% of starch gel; 20 mice at a tenfold dose - 300 mg/kg, and 20 mice served as controls and did not receive the preparation. Then, all animals (60 ind.) were immunized once intraperitoneally with 0,5 ml of 3% suspension of sheep erythrocytes (antigen test) and divided into 6 groups (10 ind. in each). The effect of the drug on antibody formation was estimated by agglutination test in 30 mice. The antibody titre in blood serum was determined on the seventh day after immunization by a direct microhemagglutination assay. To compare the immune response in experimental and control groups, the index of drug effects was established. Effects of the drug on cell immunity were determined by the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. Experiment was carried out on 30 mice divided into three groups (10 ind. in each). Research was conducted according to the «Manual on experimental (preclinical) study of new pharmacological substances (2005)». Results and discussion: Antibody titres in blood serum of control animals were 7,11±0,31 (log2). Peroral single administration of the tested drug at a therapeutic and tenfold dose did not cause any changes in agglutinin titres in blood serum of animals. Index of drug effects in the 1^st and 2^nd group was 1,04 and 1,12 respectively, which confirms the absence of negative effects of the humoral immune response. Peroral single administration of the drug at a therapeutic dose 30 mg/kg and at a tenfold dose - 300 mg/kg inhibits the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in comparison to controls. Inflammatory factors in animals from 1^st and 2^nd groups were 6,12±0,87 and 6,64±1,37 %, respectively; in control group - 8,11±0,93 %, but this difference was not statistically significant (Р ≥ 0,05).

Objective of research - to study the biological activity of supramolecular complex of fenbendazole with arabinogalactan against helminthoses of sheep considering spectrum of action. Materials and methods. Anthelmintic activity of supramolecular complex of fenbendazole with arabinogalactan (SMCF) was studied in sheep farms of the Moscow and Samara regions, which were infected with helminthoses. The experiments were made in 2014-2015 in the period of the maximal infection of animals. 386 younger sheep were used in experiments, including 50 sheep spontaneously infected with Dictyocaulus filaria , 48 - Nematodirus spp ., 52 - other gastrointestinal strongylata, 47 - Fasciola hepatica , 49 - Dicrocoelium lanceatum , 42 - Strongyloides sp ., 44 - Trichocephalus spp ., 54 - Moniezia spp . All the animals in each case of helminthoses were divided into 6 equal groups of 7-10 sheep each by the principle of analogs. SMCF was administered orally in the form of 10 % powder at the dose of 1,0; 2,0 and 3,0 mg/kg of active substance once to the sheep of the first, second and third groups. Animals of the fourth and fifth groups received the basic drug - fenbendazole at the doses respectively 1,0 and 7,5 mg/kg of bw except for the cases of fasciolosis and dicroceliasis when SMCF was administered at the doses of 15,0; 7,5 and 5,0 mg/kg and fenbendazole - at the dose of 5,0 and 15,0 mg/kg. The control group did not receive the drug. The efficacy of SMCF was evaluated by the results of larvaovoscopic researches of feces by Berman's method in case of dictyocaulosis, a flotation method in case of other helminthoses before and in 15-18 days after treatment. The efficacy of SMCF was evaluated in «control test» with calculation of middle amount of eggs/larva of helminths in 1 g of feces. Results and discussion. The spectrum of anthelmintic action and the therapeutic dose of SMCF with arabinogalactan, received by mechanochemical technology were studied and defined in experiments on 386 sheep, spontaneously infected with different species of helminths. SMCF showed maximum efficiency (96-100 %) in a dose of 3,0 mg/kg of active substance against main helminthoses and in a dose of 15,0 mg/kg - against dicroceliasis and fasciolosis. The efficacy of SMCF was in 2-3 times higher than activity of fenbendazole substance.

Objective of research: To study the efficacy of Ritril based on Ricobendazole and Triclabendazole used for the treatment of main helminthiases in small cattle. Materials and methods: The efficacy of Ritril was investigated in August-November 2013 against main helminthiases in sheep and goats from private farms «Ushakovka» and «Kozlovka» in Atyashevsky district of the Republic of Mordovia, in experimental farm «Kurilovo» in Podolsk district of Moscow region, and «South of Povolzhye Ltd.» in Bolshechernigovsky district of Samara region. Animal were divided into experimental and control groups. Sheep and goats from experimental groups were intravenously injected with Ritril at a single dose of 0,8; 1,2 and 1,6 ml/10 kg of the animal's mass. Animals of the control groups did not receive the preparation. The anthelmintic efficacy of the preparation was estimated according to the results of examination of animal feces by «control test» before and 10-20 days after the drug application and helminthological autopsy. Berman's method and sequential washing techniques were used for coprological investigations. Helminthological autopsy of liver was conducted in fascioliasis; maw and intestines - strongilatoses of gastrointestinal tract. Results and discussion: Ritril at the dose 0,8 ml/10 kg of the animal's mass showed 98-100% efficacy against monisiasis, dictyocaulosis, nematodiriasis and other strongilatoses of gastrointestinal tract of sheep and goats. Trichocephales, dicrocoelia, fascioles (preimaginal and imaginal stages) were more resistant to the effect of Ritril. It’s recommended, to use a higher dose of preparation against them (1,6 ml/10 kg of the animal's mass). The preparation is well tolerated by sheep and goats and did not cause any local and common side effects.