The purpose of the research is to study of the morphological and biological characteristics of parthenogenetic and dioecious generations of the trematode Schistosoma turkestaniсum – a parasite of mammals of Uzbekistan.

Materials and methods. Populations of mature trematodes from animals and mollusks Lymnaea auricularia from different types of water bodies of Uzbekistan were collected and studied. Experimentally reproduced the development of trematodes in the body of the intermediate and definitive hosts according to generally accepted methods.

Results and discussion.The morphological and biological features of all phases of the development of Sch. turkestanicum under experimental conditions. Some new data on the morphology of the parasite having taxonomic meanings and the distribution of Sch. turkestanicum in Uzbekistan. 

The purpose of the research is studying the spread of endoparasites of sheep and goats in conditions of private farms.

Materials and methods. The studies were carried out in December 2019 in the conditions of private farms in the Kaluga and Tver Regions. The study subjects were sheep and goats of various sex and age groups (adult females and males aged 2–3 years and young animals aged up to 6 months). The material was feces taken from the animals’ rectum. Total 45 samples of feces from sheep and goats from a private farm in the Kaluga Region and 30 samples from sheep from a farm in the Tver Region were collected and studied. Studies for helminth eggs in feces were carried out using the flotation nethod according to the Kotelnikov-Khrenov and the Shcherbovich-Shilnikov method to detect larvae at pulmonary nematodosis.

Results and discussion. As a result of coproovoscopic research methods, we found that intestinal parasites in farm in the Kaluga Region were represented by three genera of nematodes - Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus and Capillaria, as well as Protozoa of the genus Eimeria. Eggs of nematodes from the genus Trichostrongylus and Protozoa from the genus Eimeria were found in feces of sheep from the farm in the Tver Region. The infection rate with intestinal parasites in sheep and goats from two farms were similar. Pathogens from the genus Trichostrongylus prevailed, which was obviously associated with similar conditions for keeping and feeding small cattle on both farms. According to the results of fecal studies, the dominant parasitosis in animals from both farms were gastrointestinal strongylatosis. 

The purpose of the research is to establish the species composition and contamination of saigas with the main helminths, as well as to determine the effectiveness of the supramolecular complex of albendazole with polyvinylpyrrolidone at helminthoses in the conditions of the West Kazakhstan region.

Materials and methods. Incomplete helminthological autopsy according to K. I. Skryabin was used to study the contamination of saigas with helminths. Supramolecular complex of albendazole with polyvinylpyrrolidone was tested on 30 saigas spontaneously infected with gastrointestinal strongylates and Moniezia spp. Animals of different groups of 10 animals each were administered orally the supramolecular complex of albendazole with polyvinylpyrrolidone at a single dose of 2.0 mg/kg of the AS compared with the base drug albendazole in a dose of 7.5 mg/kg of the AS. The control was a group of saigas that did not receive the drug. The effectiveness of the drugs was considered according to the data of coproovoscopic studies of saigas by the flotation method before and 14 days after administration.

Results and discussion. The prevalence of saiga infection with Moniezia spp. in the West Kazakhstan region averaged 37%, Echinococcus sp. 25, Trychostrongilus spp. 62, Ostertagia spp. 87, Marshallagia sp. 87, Haemonchus sp. 75, Nematodirus spp. 87 and Trichocephalus spp. 25%. The 100 % efficiency of the supramolecular complex of albendazole with polyvinylpyrrolidone was obtained at strongylatosis of the gastrointestinal tract and monieziosis of saigas at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg of the AS according to the studies of fecal samples with 80–70% effectiveness of the base drug. 

The purpose of the research is identification of the genetic material of microorganisms of the group Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, of the genera Anaplasma and Ehrlichia in ixodic ticks of various species collected in the Kirov Region from 2010 to 2017.

Materials and methods. Ixodic ticks were collected from the vegetation cover, people's clothing and the hair of domestic animals (dogs and cats). Species and gender of ticks were identified using definition tables. Total nucleic acids were isolated from ixodic ticks fixed in 70 % ethanol by the method using guanidine thioisocyanate buffer. Ticks’ infection by pathogens was determined using polymerase chain reaction.

Results and discussion. Three species of ixodic ticks Ixodes persulcatus, Dermacentor reticulatus and I. ricinus were studied. The species I. persulcatus had the highest infection rates with the studied pathogens. The largest percentage of ticks tested was infected with Ehrlichia (35.6%). The most common were cases of simultaneous infection of ticks with Borrelia and Ehrlichia (16.3%). Cases of combined infection with three pathogens at once (Borrelia, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia) were found in all studied tick species with the same probability. Peaks of tick infection were revealed: the maximum level for all studied pathogens during the research period was noted in 2011; an increase in the number of infected ticks was observed in 2015 and 2016. 

The purpose of the research is studying the epizootology of babesiosis and biochemical parameters of dogs with babesiosis in Barnaul.

Materials and methods. The studies were conducted at the Department of Microbiology, Epizootology, Parasitology and Veterinary-Sanitary Examination of the Altai State Agrarian University and at the Barnaul Central Veterinary Hospital. Statistical analysis was performed according to the laboratory research journal from 2013 to 2017. Babesiosis was diagnosed based on clinical evidence and microscopic examination of peripheral blood smears. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total and conjugated bilirubin, creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, calcium and phosphorus contained in the blood serum was determined. In total, 1258 blood samples of dogs of different sex, age and breed were examined. In order to identify age-related features in hematological parameters, we formed 4 groups of 30 dogs in each age group. We studied indicators such as the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, the total number of red blood cells, and white blood cells, hemoglobin concentration and color index, and counted formed elements. The spread of ixodic ticks was studied in Barnaul and a suburban area of Chernitsky Forest. Ixodic ticks were collected on flag. A total of 535 live ticks of the Ixodidae family were collected. The species of ixodic ticks was identified using the Guide to arachnoentomoses.

Results and discussion. The rate of babesia infection in dogs was 36.3%. Most often babesiosis occurs in outbred dogs, the terrier, German Shepherd dog, Cocker Spaniel, Central Asian Shepherd dog and dachshund. Males, especially those over the age of 8, are more infected with Babesia. Most cases of dog lesions by babesiosis occur in Zheleznodorozhny, Central and Industrial Districts of Barnaul. The disease is diagnosed from early April to late June, and from early August to late October. Significant indicators for identifying the pathology of individual systems and organs of the animal affected by babesiosis are aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, urea, total and conjugated bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase. The level of total protein under the age of two years is lowered, while calcium and phosphorus are within physiological values. 

The purpose of the research is forecasting an epizootic situation for the main helminthoses of farm livestock in the Russian Federation for 2020.

According to the WAHID of the International Office of Epizootics (Office International des Epizooties – QIE), the following zoonotic helminthoses were recorded in the Russian Federation in 2019: 489 people were infected with echinococcosis (causative agents were Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis), among them 4 people died, 42 were infected with Trichinella, and 40 contracted cysticercosis. 382 people suffering from toxoplasmosis were registered, among them 3 died. The infection was caused by ingestion of poorly cooked meat (tissue cysts) which had not undergone diagnostic testing before being supplied to retail trade system. For purposes of the country’s food safety in the field of controlling livestock inventory, products obtained from livestock and health security, the annual monitoring (forecast) is becoming relevant for helminth-contaminated areas of the Russian Federation among livestock. 

The purpose of the research to study the mixed course of sheep infection, caused by pathogens of fasciolosis and paraphistomatosis, in the conditions of Samarkand and Tashkent regions.

Materials and methods. The research material was fallen and forcibly killed sheep from two regions of Uzbekistan, simultaneously infected by Fasciola gigantica and Paramphistomum spp. (Gastrothylax crumenifer, Calicophoron calicophorum). The animals' liver was subjected to complete helminthological dissection, followed by the presence of young immature in the parenchyma, and in the bile ducts – sexually mature fasciola. To detect pathogens of paramphistomatosis, we examined the scar and mesh, and, if necessary, the mucous membranes of the abomasum and the initial part of the small intestine. To kill the collected F. gigantica and complete bleeding with a Paramphistomum spp., they were kept in water for one and three to four days, respectively. After they took their natural form, their type, age and number were determined, and then fixed in Barbagallo fluid. If necessary, coprological studies of sheep and malacological studies of biotopes of freshwater mollusks, intermediate hosts of the studied trematodes, were carried out.

Results and discussion. In recent years, cases of a mixed course in sheep fasciolosis (F. gigantica) and paramphistomatosis in farms of Uzbekistan have become more frequent. When opening the liver of the fallen sheep, up to 278 specimens were found immature F. gigantica and up to 3994 sp. G. crumenifer. In some farms, the death of individual owners' sheep from calicophorosis caused by C. calicophorum was observed with an intensity of infection of 592 sp. of C. calicophorum. 

The purpose of the research is epizootological monitoring of bovine hypodermatosis in 2015–2019.

Materials and methods. In accordance with the data of Journal 1-VET A of the FSBI Center for Veterinary Medicine and based on the results of serologic testing, the following data obtained showed the total number of cattle tested for hypodermatosis and the number of those tested positive using an enzyme immunoassay for 2015-2019. The data obtained were analyzed and summarized in tables.

Results and discussion. It was noted during epizootological monitoring of bovine hypodermatosis in 2015-2019 that the hypodermatosis rate in the Russian Federation tended to decrease in recent years. 

The purpose of the research is evaluating histological and histochemical research methods as information criteria in identifying the effect of chemicals on trematodes.

Materials and methods. The study material was trematodes Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum cervi and Dicrocoelium lanceatum collected during dissecting spontaneously infected animals after they had been treated with anthelmintics (Triclabendazole, Dimezole, Polytrem, Antitrem, Tetraxichol, Tegalid and Fascocid) using various therapeutic doses with appropriate regimens. Trematodes from untreated animals were used as control. The detected material was processed under the generally accepted histological procedure and embedded in paraffin. Microslides, namely, slices of 5–7 µm thick, were stained using histological and histochemical methods and studied under a light microscope.

Results and discussion. Morphologically, when the microstructure of organs and tissues of trematodes F. hepatica, F. gigantica, P. cervi and D. lanceatum treated with anthelmintics (Triclabendazole, Dimezole, Polytrem, Antitrem, Tetraxichol, Tegalid and Fascocid) was studied, edema, vacuoles, lysis of tissue and cell structures, and severe basophilia were observed in their body. Protein metabolism imbalance and distorted protein synthesis were recorded histochemically. As an outcome of pathophysiological processes after anthelmintic treatment, necrobiosis detected in trematodes and the developing severe edema lead to colliquative necrosis caused by irreversible dystrophic processes occurred at the level of water and protein metabolism imbalance. Misdirected histochemical reaction of trematodes’ tissues and organs when stained for proteins marks nuclear degeneration, termination of protein molecule synthesis, and protein metabolism failure. 

The purpose of the research is studying acute toxicity of supramolecular complexes of fenbendazole with different polymers obtained by mechanochemical technology as compared to the substance of the drug when administered to the stomach of white mice.

Materials and methods. The acute toxicity parameters of supramolecular complexes of fenbendazole (SMCF) with different polymers were studied under the “Guide to experimental (preclinical) study of new pharmacological substances” and other rules. The drugs were administered once to the stomach of white mice of both genders with a body weight of 16–18 g at doses of 7,000, 10,000, 15,000 and 20,000 mg/kg by the drug. Each dose was tested on 10 white mice. For 14 days, we observed the general condition and behavior of animals, symptoms of intoxication and possible death. Postmortem examination was performed for the dead animals. Acute toxicity was determined by Litchfield and Wilcoxon (M. D. Belenky, 1963).

Results and discussion. LD50 of the SMCF and the major drug of fenbendazole could not be established due to low toxicity. LD50 of the SMCF administered to the stomach of white mice was 20 000 mg/kg.

The purpose of the research is studying the duration of the chemoprophylactic effect of prolonged solutions of DAC (diminazene aceturate) in combination with a solution of glycerin in bovine pyroplasmidoses.

Materials and methods. 300 cattle were examined at the farms of the Kizilyurt and Kumtorkalinsky Districts of the Republic of Dagestan for tick infection. 45 blood smears were examined. Three groups of animals of 15 animals each were formed according to the principle of analogues. The first control group was administered DAC without glycerol, and the experimental groups were given prolonged solutions of DAC in combination with glycerin 10–12 days after the animals were sent to the pasture with rare solutions of acaricides during the mass tick infection period. The drug was administered intramuscularly at a dose of 4–5 ml per 100 kg of body weight. Animals were observed during the season; in case of any change in general condition, thermometry was performed, and blood smears were examined.

Results and discussion. 5% aqueous solution of DAC in combination with a solution of glycerol provides prophylaxis of pyroplasmidoses in cattle. The chemoprophylactic effect of 5 % aqueous glycerol solution of DAC is kept in the animal body for 25 days. Its 6 times' use ensures the well-being of animals during the season (from April to September). 

The purpose of the research is determining the efficacy of the supramolecular complex of fenbendazole (SMCF) based on the nano-sized supramolecular delivery system with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) against nematodes in sheep in a commission and production test.

Materials and methods. A commission test was carried out at Izmailov LLC in the Krasnoarmeysky District of the Samara Region in August 2019. The SMCF at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg by the active substance was given to sheep (30 animals) of different age. The substance of fenbendazole was used as the major drug at a dose of 5.0 mg/kg in 20 sheep. A group of 20 sheep who were not given the drug was a control group. The drug efficacy was recorded by the flotation method according to results of the coproovoscopic studies of sheep before and 16 days after the drugs were administered. The drug efficacy was calculated by a “control test”. The production test of the SMCF in gastrointestinal strongylatosis of sheep was carried out on 120 wether hoggs at the same farm. The SMCF was prescribed to sheep once at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg by the AS in a mixture with 0.3 kg of oatmeal stock feed (per animal) given for the whole group. The efficacy of the SMCF was recorded according to the results of the coproovoscopic studies before and 15 days after deworming.

Results and discussion. In the commission test of 70 sheep with combined infection, the SMCF with PVP at doses of 3.0 and 2.0 mg/kg by the AS showed 98.7% effectiveness against Nematodirus infection and 99.2% activity against other types of gastrointestinal Strongylata. In the production test, the SMCF at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg by the AS showed a 99.1 % effect against nematodirosis and 98.8% against other gastrointestinal strongylatoses. 

The purpose of the research is a commission test of the effectiveness of the supramolecular complex based on triclabendazole and albendazole (SMCTA) against gastrointestinal nematodes and fascioles of sheep in a previously calculated therapeutic dose.

Materials and methods. The SMCTA effectiveness was tested in the North Caucasus Federal District in July 2019 on Tushin sheep spontaneously infected with gastrointestinal nematodes and fascioles simultaneously. The sheep were owned by an independent entrepreneur. Coproovoscopic examinations were carried out according to the GOST by the Fulleborn’s method using ammonium nitrate at the Republican Veterinary Laboratory of Grozny. Helminthological dissection of 5 control sheep was done to determine the intensity of infection with fascioles and gastrointestinal nematodes, and 3 sheep from each group were dissected at 14 days after dehelminthization to record the effectiveness of the drug. 4 more sheep from each group were dissected on the 25th day. The drug effectiveness was recorded by the critical test method according to the Guidelines approved by the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (1995).

Results and discussion. When conducting clinical trials on sheep spontaneously infected with strongylates of the gastrointestinal tract and lungs, and fascioles, a therapeutic dose was calculated when the drug was administered individually in the form of a suspension of 4.0 mg/kg for the Active Substance (2.0 for ABZ : 2.0 for TCB), 40 mg/kg for the drug, and in a mixture with concentrated feed using the group method of 5.0 mg/kg for the AS (2.5 mg/kg for ABZ : 2.5 mg/kg for TCB), 50 mg/kg for the drug. The commission test of SMCTA at a dose of 5.0 mg/kg for the AS (50 mg/kg for the drug) by the group method in a mixture with combined feed at fasciolosis and strongylatosis of the gastrointestinal tract of sheep showed, according to the coproovoscopy and helminthological dissection of animals, that 100 % efficiency was obtained. A mixture of the drug with combined feed was readily eaten by the sheep; and no side effects were noted after dehelminthization. The Commission noted the absence of side effects, high efficiency and a wide spectrum of the SMKTA effect at a 4-fold reduced therapeutic dose of 5.0 mg/kg as compared with the albendazole (7.5 mg/kg) and triclabendazole (10 mg/kg) substances. 

The purpose of the research: to analyze and summarize literature data on the main means and methods of protecting animals from stable flies Stomoxys calcitrans and to reduce their number.

Materials and methods. The analysis of literature data from foreign sources over the past 30 years describing the means and methods of controlling the numbers of S. calcitrans and ways to protect animals from their attack.

Results and discussion. A literature review on the means and methods of controlling the abundance of S. calcitrans is presented. Chemicals are widespread and can be used to combat the pre-adult stages of development of flies by introducing them into the substrate or feeding animals, as well as to combat adult insects by treating surfaces or in traps. In the description of physical control methods, attention is paid to traps and various methods of attracting insects to them. As biological control methods for S. calcitrans, researchers are actively studying the possibilities and prospects of using parasitoids (for example, Hymenoptera, including four families and about ten species), more than ten species of ticks from different families, entomopathogenic nematodes (a species of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora), fungi and individual species bacteria. 

The purpose of the research is evaluating the efficacy of the antiparasitic complex based on ivermectin obtained by mechanochemical technology against gastrointestinal nematodosis of herd horses.

Materials and methods. The efficacy of the ivermectin-based antiparasitic complex was tested in December-February 2019 in the Southern Federal District of the Chechen Republic in a private farm on 22 stabled foals aged over one year. To diagnose gastrointestinal parascaridosis and strongylatosis, feces of foals were examined using the Fulleborn’s method. Helminth eggs in 1 g of feces were counted in a counting chamber of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Helminthology. In order to diagnose oxyurosis, pieces of transparent adhesive tape with prints from perianal folds were transferred to a glass slide and examined for Oxyuris spp. eggs. The antiparasitic complex of ivermectin 2% was administered in a mixture with food at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg by the drug (0.2 mg/kg by the active substance). After a preliminary test of the ivermectin complex efficacy, the therapeutic dose of the drug was titrated on 46 adult horses (aged 2–4 years) from the same private entrepreneur. The horses spontaneously infected with Strongylata, Parascarids and Oxyurises were divided into 5 groups according to the analogue principle. For animals of groups 1, 2, and 3, the drug was administered at a doses of 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 mg/kg by the AS respectively. The horses of groups 4 and 5 were given the substance of ivermectin at a doses of 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg by the AS, mixed with combined feed individually. The efficacy of the supramolecular complex of ivermectin was recorded according to the data of coproovoscopic studies using the critical test method according to the Guidelines approved by the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (1995).

Results and discussion. The rate of infection of the foals with Strongylata, Parascarids and Oxyurises was 100, 40 and 55% respectively as resulted from the coproovoscopic studies. The dissections showed that the intensity of infection with Strongylata was equal to 477.4±23.87 individuals per animal, Parascarids 447.1±55.89, and Oxyurises 22.2±2.02. The 100 % efficacy was determined for the antiparasitic complex of ivermectin at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg by the drug (0.2 mg/kg by the AS) against the main gastrointestinal nematodes. The substance of ivermectin at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg showed 87.5% efficacy against Strongylata and Parascarids, and at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg, it showed a lack of efficacy (50.0 and 25.0% respectively). We recognized the dose of 0.15 mg/kg by the AS of the supramolecular complex of ivermectin with one-time individual use in a mixture with food as therapeutic. 

The purpose of the research is improving the accuracy of studies of nematodes parasitizing in the digestive tract of ruminants.

Materials and methods. The literature data and own research results concerning sampling and preserving of nematodes parasitizing various parts of gastrointestinal tract of domestic and wild ruminants have been analyzed. The possibility of using the samples of nematodes, both in morphological and molecular studies, has been taken into account.

Results and discussion. The methods for sampling and preserving of gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants are described in detail. The features of sampling nematodes parasitizing in various parts of the digestive tract are considered. The ways for minimizing of losses of nematode samples during helminthological necropsy are proposed. Using of 96% ethanol as a preserving liquid is recommended and allows the DNA study of samples.