Objective of research: The purpose of the study was to study the phylogeny and evolution of trematodes of the order Schistosomatida (Plathelminthes: Trematoda) - endoparasites of animals and humans. Materials and methods. Samples of adult specimens and 5 larva species were collected and examined: Schistosoma turkestanicum Skryabin, 1913, Bilharziella polonica (Kowalewsky, 1899), Trichobilharzia ocellata (La Valette, 1854), Dendritobilharzia loossi Skryabin, 1924 and Gigantobilharzia acotylea Odhner, 1910. We were exploring their life cycles under both natural and experimental conditions. Adult forms of trematodes were identified by standard methods. The determination of cercariae produced by aquatic mollusks (Lymnaeidae, Planorbidae, Physidae, Melanoididae) was performed according to the studies. For a comparative analysis of morphological and biological features of the Tricladida turbellarians, we used materials from well-known manuals and monographs. Results and discussion. Based on the original study of morphology, biology, and life cycles of the five species of blood flukes - Schistosoma turkestanicum, Bilharziella polonica, Trichobilharzia ocellata, Dendritobilharzia loossi, Gigantobilharzia acotylea and the analysis of literature data on the phylogeny and evolution of the order Schistosomatida, a hypothesis of the origin of dioecy of schistosomatids was proposed. There is controversy about the phylogeny and evolution of representatives of the families Schistosomatidae and Bilharziellidae - parasites of endothermic vertebrates, including humans. The idea according to which dioecious and hermaphroditic state of flukes is primary and associated with morphological organization of free-living progenitors which the appropriated signs are inherited from. The above-mentioned opinion enables to explain the dioecy of trematodes of the order Schistosomatidae, their phylogeny and evolution.

Objective of research: The study of trematode fauna of the water vole (Arvicola terrestris L.) in the plain zone of the Lenkoran region of Azerbaijan. Material and methods: Helminthological material was collected from different landscapes (dry and semi-desert steppes) of the plain zone of the Lenkoran region of Azerbaijan. 38 water voles were investigated by the method of full helminthological dissection. Animals were caught using Gero traps and live traps. 70% ethanol was used to preserve trematodes. The trematodes found were preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol. The helminthological material was processed by standard methods; trematodes were stained with Alum carmine and placed into balm. The species composition of trematodes was detected according to the determinant. Results and discussion: 7 trematode species were found in examined water voles. Among them, 2 trematode species were found in dry and semi-desert steppes, and 7 species in moderately humid subtropics. The indices of extensity and intensity of trematode invasion in moderately humid subtropics are higher than in dry and semi-desert steppes. We wish to emphasize the epidemiological importance of the fluke Gastrodiscoides hominis for humans and the epizootological importance for nutrias and pigs; epizootological importance of Plagiorchis arvicolae for nutrias and Echinostoma mijagawai for birds.

Objective of research: Characteristics of the species composition of parasites in common toad (Bufo bufo Linnaeus, 1758) inhabiting around Visimsky State Nature Biosphere Reserve. Materials and methods: 29 individuals of B. bufo were studied by the method of total helminthological autopsy. Catching of toads was carried out in the upstream flow of the Sulem River in the buffer zone of the Visimskiy Reserve during the reproduction period. Results and discussion: The species composition of parasites of B. bufo inhabiting Visimsky Biosphere Reserve (the upper Sulem river) has been studied for the first time. 5 parasite species were detected: Nematoda - Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Goeze, 1782), Neoraillietnema praeputiale (Skrjabin, 1916), Cosmocerca ornata (Dujardin, 1845), Rhabdias bufonis (Schrank, 1788) and 1 protozoa Opalinatea - Opalina ranarum (Purkinje et Valentin, 1835). The extensity of infection (EI) of common toads with helminths was 100 %, the index of abundance 47 %; protozoa infections 4 % and 0,45, respectively. Two nematode species O. filiformis (EI 100 %, index of abundance 27,8%) and R. bufonis (EI 89,7 %, index of abundance 13,3) dominated. In B. bufo selected for investigation no trematodes were found likely due to the «marriage post».

The results of long-term studies of invasions of the Panthera pardus orientalis, Schlegel 1857. The study of parasitic invasions of the Far Eastern leopard was carried out by two methods. The first method included the study of excrement of the Far Eastern leopard collected in different seasons of the year from January 2009 to December 2014 by the Kotelnikov-Khrenov method. The second method is a complete parasitologic autopsy on Scriabin, the dead animals on the basis of PGHS. The autopsy was conducted by the chief veterinarian of the Primorsky Krai, and the autopsy report was compiled. To analyze the data obtained, the indicator was used - the index of occurrence, expressed as a percentage. As a result, the species composition of helminths parasitizing the Far Eastern leopard is supplemented by species of nematodes - Ancylostoma sp., Gnathostoma spinigerum Capillaria sp., Dirofilaria sp; cestodes - Taenia sp., Dipylidium caninum, Spirometra erinaceieuropei, Mesocestoides lineatus; trematodes - Nanophyetus salmicola schikhobalowi, Clonorchis sinensis, Metagonimus yokogawa. Dominiruet monoinvasion (66,6%). Di-invasion and triinvasia are much less common - 17,7% and 4,4%. Of the protozoans, oocysts were found isospora rivolta. On the body of the dead animals were found ixodid mites - Haemaphysalis flava, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Haemaphysalis japonica douglasi, Haemaphysalis punctate. It indicates the presence in the excrement of fleas of genus Ctenocephala и клещей рода and mites of the genus Otodectes.

Objective of research: The study of helminth fauna in sables of Yakutia. Materials and methods: Sables caught in 2016-2017 were investigated for helminthic infection. We used the methods of complete and incomplete helminthological dissection, and the method of trichinelloscopy of muscle tissue. The sable’s intestine was dissected and examined along the whole length by the method of sequential washing, the contents of the intestine - by Fulleborn and Bermann methods. 462 sables were examined. Taxonomic examinations were conducted according to the Key to invertebrates of Kozlov M.A. and the Atlas of the most common helminths of the agricultural animals of Kapustin V.F. Results and discussion: It was found that sables inhabiting the territory of Yakutia are infected with 27 helminth species belonging to three classes: Cestoda, Nematoda, and Acanthocephala. 6 species of cestodes were detected: Mesocestoides lineatus in 12 sables (Intensity of Infection 1-3 ind.); Taenia hydatigenа in 15 sables (3,24 %), II 1-7; T. Sibirica in 23 (4,98 %), II 1-6; T skrjabini in 14 (3,03 %), II 3-5; T martis in 41 (8,87 %), II 2-7; T mustelae in 25 (5,41 %), II 1-3 ind. The average intestinal infection rate with Taenia spp. did not exceed 7 ind. Three acanthocephalan species were found in the intestine of sables: Macrocanthorynchus catulinus, Moniliformis clarki, Corynosoma strumosum sp. Intensity of infection was on average 2-5 ind. 18 trematode species were detected in sables: Ascaris columnaris, Mastophorus muris, Molineus patens, Filaroides martis, Sobolevingylus petrovi, Soboliphyme baturini, Capillaria putorii, Skrjabingulus nasola, Physaloptera sibirica, Uncinaria stenocephala, Mustelivingylus skrjabini, Thominx asadovi, Trichocephalus vulpis, Crenosoma petrowi, Syphacia obvelata, Physaloptera sibirica, Trichinella spiralis (in muscle tissue). So, 240 (51,94 %), of 462 examined sable carcasses were infected; 96 sables were infected with two, and 38 sables with three helminth species. Seven species discovered in Yakutia for the first time were added to the helminth fauna of sable. Sables of both sexes were equally infected.

Objective of research. The study of species composition of Ixodidae (Ixodidae) of the North Western Black Sea Materials and methods. Material from large mammals is provided by the employees of the Odessa Zoological Museum (Lobkov VA. and Treskin A.I.), some part of the material was collected by the author. Raccoon dog (3 ind.), wolf (1 ind.), fox (9 ind.), mouflon (2 ind.), deer (1 ind.), a roe deer (2 ind.), red deer (2 ind.), elk (1 ind.), wild boar (3 ind.), human (5 ind.) were examined. Ticks were identified by Kolonin V.G.; we express our sincere gratitude to him for these studies. Results and discussion. Species composition and abundance of ixodid ticks collected from large mammals are presented in the table. As a matter of fact, the works of employees of the Ukrainian Research Anti-Plague Institute (UNIPCHI) and the works of Shilnikovsky, et al., 1997; 12, Rusev I.T, 1999; 2000; 2008; 2000; Rusev I.T, et al., 2009; Grekov et al. 2000; Boschenko et al..2005; Sokolovsky with co-authors 2005 have almost revealed the species composition of ixodid ticks from the North-Western Black Sea. The list of species (Rusev I.T, 2009) is represented by 16 species. Works were conducted by standard methods, and collection of ticks was carried out only from dogs, cattle and small cattle. According to Russev (2009), who also refers to early works (Vshivkov, 1956) the ixodid tick fauna of Nord-West Black Sea area is mainly formed due to the immigrants from the Mediterranean, where the main routes of migratory birds go from. According to Balashov, 1998,... - even in the case of intercontinental drifts of ixodid ticks with migratory birds, occurring regularly between Europe, Africa and Asia, migrants are usually not able to become anchored in unusual geobiocenoses. Balashov believes that gradual expansion or narrowing of boundaries in response to the corresponding long-term changes in biotic and abiotic factors are distinguished for ixodid habitats, but not explosive expansion. Our studies on wild mammals enabled to add two species to the list of Ixodidae, and at present, the list of species composition of ixodid ticks from the NorthWestern Black Sea includes 18 species.

The aim of the study was to investigate a species composition of parasites and microorganisms and determine infection rate of Caspian herrings. Methods and materials. The objects of the study were Caspian and big-eyed shad, Alosa braschnikowi, that were caught at the aquatic area of the Northern Caspian Sea in spring period 2014, 2015. Collection and processing material was carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods in parasitology and microbiology. Scientists used determinants in species identification. Results and discussion. Parasitophauna of Alosa braschnikowi, Caspian and big-eyed shads were presented by 7 species, relative to classes: Monogenoidea - 1; Crustacea - 1; Trematoda - 2; Nematoda - 2; Acanthocephala - 1. Wide-ranging enteral trematodes Pseudopentagramma symmetricum induce high level of infection of herrings. Fauna is the most variously presented by Caspian big-eyed shads. Fluctuations in parasitophauna structure are connected with ecological conditions, food chains and specificity of parasites to theirs hosts. Indicators of transformation processes of ecosystems are indicator species of parasites and fish microorganisms. As a part of the study it is estimated, that internal organs and gills of herrings were contaminated by microorganisms. The maximum number of bacterium was noted in intestines and gills. The Enterobacteriaceae microorganisms held the dominant position. Besides bacterium there are have been revealed cystophores of micromycetes in liver and spleen in the process of organs microscopic examination. All revealed parasites and microorganisms were characterized by epizootic and epidemiologic significance. However they coexist on the level of symptom-free carriage, without exhibiting the development of invasive and infectious processes in the body of the examined fishes.

Objective of research: The study of the influence of the host sex on helminth community structure in passerine birds. Material and methods: 230 individuals of both sex of 6 bird species from order Passeriformes (tree pipit, red-backed shrike, great tit, Eurasian tree sparrow, common chaffinch, yellowhammer) were examined by a method of incomplete helminthological dissection. Parasitological monitoring was conducted by standard methods. Statistical processing of data was carried out using the Shannon, Jaccard, Sorensen indices, Kovnatsky index of domination and Mann-Whitney U test. Results and discussion: The influence of sex structure of host population on the helminth communities of passerine birds was studied. 26 parasite species were registered. Large species diversity was found in helminth communities of yellowhammer and great tit males; in common chaffinch - of females. No difference was detected in parasite communities of males and females of tree pipit and red-backed shrike. Only males of Eurasian tree sparrow were infected. Parasite communities in males and females of tree pipit, yellowhammer and red-backed shrike are most similar. The minimum similarity was found between parasite communities of common chaffinch of both sexes. Neither the analysis of infestation of males and females by individual helminth species nor of the aggregate helminth infestation of both sexes of each bird species, has revealed a universal pattern. In some bird species, females proved to be more infected, in other - males. Significant differences in infection of birds of different sexes were found only for the great tit (females found to have a higher infection rate). At the same time, the analysis of total helminth infestation of all bird individuals showed that females of passerine birds carry a significant higher parasite loads. Ecological features of male and female birds affect helminth distribution in birds. Food composition is an essential factor that affects differences in invasion of both sexes of birds.

Objective of research: The purpose of the study is to carry out ecological and sanitary-parasitological monitoring of soils, waste water and sewage for the presence of eggs of geohelminths (Toxocara SPP) in Nizhnevartovsk, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra, in 2013 to 2015. The materials and methods. The collection of material and dynamic observations were carried out in the period from 2013 to 2015 on the territory of Nizhnevartovsk. The research was conducted in parasitological lab of the Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug Ugra in Nizhnevartovsk and Nizhnevartovsk district, in the cities Megion and Raduzhny. Dog feces, soil samples, wastewater and sewage served as our research material. We used the sanitary-parasitological, coproovoscopic and statistical methods of research. The results and discussion. Thus, the results obtained in this study give reason to believe that the population of dogs in the city is a constant source of abundant contamination of the environment by helminth eggs, first of all, by Toxocara eggs, representing a threat to humans. An important element in reduction of toxocariasis should be the control of dog populations through intensive trapping of stray and neglected animals, the development of rules and regulations of the density of their populations through the relevant veterinary and sanitary authorities, as well as improving sanitary requirements for maintenance of animals. Assessing soil contamination by eggs of Toxocara spp. we can conclude that in accordance with the sanitary-epidemiological rules and norms, the degree of epidemic danger of soil given in SanPiN 2.1.7.1287 - 03 «Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for soil quality», the city of Nizhnevartovsk (Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug) can be characterized as moderately hazardous. The results obtained in the study of wastewater sewage and its precipitation showed that the treatment plant while going through all the stages of decontamination provides full dehelmintization and desinvasion (inactivation of viable helminth eggs) of wastewater and their fractions.

Objective of research: To study the infestation of stray dogs and dogs kept in city apartments in Dagestan depending on the year season. Materials and methods: Seasonal dynamics of helminth infection in dogs from lowlands of Dagestan were studied in 2015-2016. Stray dogs and dogs kept in apartments and houses with yards (dogs of both sexes, different ages and conditions of feeding and management) were subject of research. Totally 300 fecal samples collected from dogs were investigated and 30 dogs underwent autopsy. Soils from home yards and territories around landfills, cages, and kennels were also examined for the prevalence of helminth eggs. Research was conducted in all year seasons. Extensity and intensity of invasion was estimated during small intestine dissection. In our work, we used the methods of full helminthological dissection, sequential washings, flotation with the use of saturated solution of ammonium nitrate, and Berman-Orlov method of larvoscopy. The results obtained during the experiment were statistically processed. Result and discussion: In the plain zone of Dagestan, the amount of stray dogs kept in yards and apartments ranged from 18 to 26 thousand. It was found that the dogs are infected with helminths more frequent in summer and autumn and slightly less in spring and winter. Stray dogs of the plain zone of Dagestan are infected with 12 helminth species, dogs kept in apartments with 5 species (EI 6,6-53,3 %, II 2-60,0 ind./head, 6,6-26,6 % and 2,0-13,0 ind./head, respectively). From the epizootological point of view, all helminth species are dangerous. Metorchis xanthosomus, Echinococcus granulosus, Dipylidium caninum, Toxocara canis, Tosascaris leonina cause zoonotic infections. T.hydatigena, E.granulosus, D.caninum, T.canis, T.leonina are dominating year round in helminth fauna complex. In this connection, annual monitoring of epizootological situation is very important to predict the danger and implement the science-based methods to combat helminth infections.

Objective of research: The study on the prevalence of fascioliasis and hypodermatosis in cattle from agricultural farms of different forms of ownership (Joint-Stock Companies, Ltd., private farms) in the Kaluga region. Materials and methods: The infection with fascioles was determined by examination of animals of different ages (which were previously in pasture) in the stall period not earlier than December and up to the beginning of the grazing season. The method of subsequent washings and the method of Vysniauskas were the main research methods used at the Station for Animal Diseases of the Ferzikovsky district of Kaluga and at the All Russian Scientific Research Institute of Helminthology named after K.I. Skryabin. Examinations were carried out once a month on 20 animals of different age groups: offspring under 1 year, offspring under 2 years, heifers, first and second first and second calving cows, third calving cows and older. During examinations, besides fascioles and their eggs, cestode and gastrointestinal nematode eggs as well as coccidia oocysts were calculated. Together with the veterinary service of slaughtering and meat processing plants, we conducted dissection of livers, calculated the number of young and adult flukes. We experienced no problems with their determination. Adult flukes (length of 2-3 cm, width of 1cm) parasitize biliary ducts of the liver. Young flukes were found more often in the bile ducts had the length of 0,5-1,2 cm. During dissection of the liver, flukes were collected with forceps to Petri dishes with physiological salt solution, and then adult and young flukes were identified. 461 head of cattle, which were previously in pasture, were dissected and investigated in 2013 in the Kaluga region to determine Fasciola infection. We studied calves from two years and cows up to 7 years of age. Dissections were conducted quarterly in January, April, July and November. To determine the invasion of cattle from the above mentioned farms with larvae of Hypoderma bovis, 150, 100, 50 and 20 animals of different ages (from 1,5 to 7 years) received in autumn no preventive treatment over two years upon agreement with the State Veterinary Service of the Kaluga region and the Station for Animal Diseases of Ferzikovsky district. Levels of infection (EI, II) in animals were estimated in spring (April-May) of the following year. After discussing of the results, animals were treated with the preparation recommended against hypodermatosis. Analysis of experimental data by the method of Plohinsky N.A. was conducted. Results and discussion: The highest extensity of infection was detected in the JV «Iskra». 186 animals of different ages which were previously in pasture were examined; 95 (51,1%) were infected. The average number of Fasciola eggs in 1g of feces was 176,4 ind. In the second farm «Ferzikovsky Ltd.» 153 animals of different ages which were previously in pasture were examined by the methods of coproscopy; 63 of them were infected with Fasciola spp.; extensity of infection was 41,2%. The average number of Fasciola eggs in 1 g of feces was 29,2 ind. In both farms the average extensity of infection was 46,1%, while the average number of Fasciola eggs in 1g of feces was 152,3. In peasant farm economy of Kopylov A.S. 114 animals which were previously in pasture were examined in different time periods; 36 of them were infected with Fasciola spp.; EI was 31,5%; the average number of Fasciola eggs in 1 g of feces was 105,2. On average 115 animals of different ages were examined and dissected each four months; 40 of them were infected; EI was 34,8%. The average number of flukes in each infected animal was 32,1 ind.; 25,2 ind. in imaginal and 6,9 ind. in pre-imaginal stage. The highest IE (40,5%) and II (38,4 ind/head) were determined in November. The average number of flukes for each infected animal was was 38,4 including 23 adult flukes 15,4 young (pre-imaginal). Our research revealed that all year round liver, gall bladder, and bile ducts are mostly infected with adult flukes. According to the results of our research the average EI was 34,8%, the average II was 32,1 ind./head. The short analysis revealed that in four above mentioned farms of the Kaluga region, totally 220 animals which were previously in pasture were examined; 12 of them were infected with warble fly larvae; average EI was 5,3%, and the average number of warble fly larvae was 5,5 ind./head.

Objective of research: The study of features of epizootic process of monieziasis and mixed helminthiasis in sheep of Tajikistan. Materials and methods: Research was conducted in different sheep farms including «Charvozor» of Vakhsh region, «Danghara» of Danghara region, «Chorubkul» of Temurmaliksk region and other private farms in 2015-2017. Fecal samples from 548 lambs, 636 from young and 717 from adult sheep were investigated in different months using Fuelleborni method of flotation, and Berman technique for the diagnosis of dictyocaulosis. The research results were statistically processed. Results and discussion: Significant differences in seasonal dynamics of monieziasis in sheep caused by Moniezia expansa and М. Benedeni as well as dependence of the infestation of different Moniezia species on the age of animals was determined. In monieziasis occurring in spring and summer seasons (causative agent M. expansa) lambs become infected in May, the peak of infection falls on July. Towards autumn, a decrease in infection was observed, and in winter M. expansa rarely found. Adult sheep were mostly infected with M. benedeni, and in lambs this infection was found in July-August; the maximum level of infection was observed in March of the following year. M. benedeni remained viable in lambs within 10-12 months in regular superinfections (September-October) during the whole winter season. At the beginning of spring, spontaneous discharge of moniezia from sheep body occured. Monieziasis (M. expansa) in a severe form + dictyocaulosis as well as monieziasis+ hemonhosis+nematodirosis+ strongyloidosis at different combinations of components of parasitic cenosis occur in lambs of 2,5 to 6 months of age. Two and three-component infections are most common in sheep from joint-stock and individual sheep farms of piedmont and mountain region of Tajikistan.

Purpose of the study. To characterize lesions of the gastrointestinal tract in children, caused by parasitism in the body lamblia based on the analysis of case histories based on helminthological center GBUZ of “Children’s city polyclinic № 3». Materials and methods. We analyzed the medical records of 95 children treated with the diagnosis of “Giardiasis” in 2016 in GBUZ of “Children’s city polyclinic № 3”. Clinically, giardiasis proceeded with the defeat of the gastrointestinal tract and lymphatic system. Thus, according to US data, 41.1% of children showed no pathological changes in the organs of the abdominal cavity. Reactive changes in the liver were observed in 20%, and reactive changes of the pancreas - 40%. Mezadenita phenomena were observed in 8.4% of patients, splenomegaly - at 6.3%, poliadenopatiya - 4.2%, and signs DZHVP - 20%. Results of the study. All patients complained of: abdominal pain - 44.7%, gnashing their teeth at night - 27.6%, decreased appetite and diarrhea - 18.4%, nausea - 13.2%, allergic reactions of varying intensity - 16 2% vomiting - 7.9%; In rare cases, children complained of a slight increase in temperature to subfebrile and hair loss - by 2.7%; in 11.8% of cases in children no complaints. From the liver, all the children were observed following complaints: abdominal pain - 42.1%, diarrhea and gnashing of teeth at night - by 26.3%, decreased appetite - 21.1%, nausea and allergic rashes on the skin - on 15.8%, vomiting - 10.5%. In 15.8% of children were no complaints. Reactive changes in the pancreas were observed in 50% of cases, when all the children complained of: abdominal pain -50%, friction and grinding of teeth at night - 31.6%, allergic reactions in the form of a rash on the skin of varying intensity - 28, 9%, decreased appetite - 23.7%, diarrhea - 21.1%, nausea - 13.7%, vomiting - 7.9% and a slight increase in the temperature of - 2.6%. In 4 cases (23.5%) - complaints of children missing. In addition to reactive changes of the liver and pancreas, some children (25%) according to the results of ultrasound showed signs of biliary dyskinesia (DZHVP). For all sick children complained of abdominal pain of varying degrees of intensity and allergic rashes on the skin - by 36.8%. In rare cases, they have been complaints of teeth grinding at night - 21.1%, diarrhea - 15.8%, and nausea and hair loss - by 10.5%. In rare cases, patients reported vomiting, loss of appetite and fever - by 5.3%. In 10.5% of complaints in children missing. Conclusions. Thus, the most frequent complaints of children were abdominal pain, allergic reaction in the skin, rattle and creak of teeth at night and loose stools. Most often observed in children sochetannye reactive changes of the liver and pancreas. Giardiasis often registered in preschool children. The diagnosis in all cases was established on the basis of koproovoskopicheskogo research - detection lamblia cysts in feces.

Aim of the study is to.evaluate optimal dosages and develop a technology for the use of a new niclosamide pharmaceutical form based on supramolecular nanoscale delivery systems. Materials and methods. The experiment was performed on 50 Kazakh horses spontaneously invaded by cestodes. The animals were divided according to the principle of analogs into treatment and control groups of 10 heads each. The animals in Groups 1, 2, and 3 were orally administered with a complex of niclosamide with arabinogalactan in the ratio 1:2 (investigational drug) at dosages of 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg in terms of active substance (AS), respectively. Animals in Group 4 received a base niclosamide formulation (fenasal) in the recommended therapeutic dose of 100 mg/kg. Animals in control group did not receive any antihelmintic. The drug efficacy was estimated based on copro-ovoscopic studies prior to and 18 days after deworming. Results and discussion. The experiment has shown 100% efficacy of the investigational drug in a ratio of 1: 2 at dosages of 20 and 30 mg/kg by AS in horses with anoplocephalidose. The efficacies of investigational drug in a ratio of 1:2 at a dosage of 10 mg/kg by AS and fenasal at a dosage of 100 mg/ kg were the same.

Objective of research: to study of the efficiency of the insecticacaricide “Elvetran SC 5%” in psoroptosis of cattle. Materials and methods: For the experiments 55 calves at the age of one year with clinical signs of psoroptosis were used. The experimental group of animals was treated with an aqueous emulsion of elvetron SC 5% in a dilution of 1 ml per 1000 ml of water, twice, control animals were not treated. Results and discussion: It was found that the efficiency of the drug “Elvetran SC 5%” with psoroptosis of cattle in a dilution of 1 ml per 1000 ml of water was 100%. In the control group, the extent of invasion remained at the same level. Negative effects of drugs on the body of animals have not been established.

Objective of research: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of preparations against chicken ascariasis under conditions of Western Kazakhstan. Material and methods: Experiments were performed in May 2016 on 43 chickens from the zoo of the West Kazakhstan Regional Ecological and Biological Center of the Uralsk city of the Republic of Kazakhstan spontaneously infected with Ascaridia galli. The infection rate was estimated using the helminthovoscopic methods of examinations by Fulleborn. All chickens were divided into four groups of 10-20 individuals each. Ivermec OR was administered to chickens of the first group at a single dose of 0,04 ml/kg orally individually; of the second group - Alvet at the dose of 50 mg/kg orally twice at a 24 hour interval, individually; of the third group- Piperazine at the dose _of 250 mg/kg orally twice at a 24 hour interval, individually. Chickens of the fourth group did not receive the preparation and served as controls. The efficacy of preparations was evaluated 7 days after dehelmintization according to the result of «the control test». Eggs A. galli were detected by the flotation method with the use of VIGIS counting chamber for calculation of helminth eggs in 1 g of feces. During the experiment we observed the dynamics of discharge of dead ascarides, carried out helminthoscopy every 12 hours, and after the introduction of anthelmintics on the first day - every 4-6 hours. Results and discussion: No ascarides were found in all chickens of the first and second experimental groups that received Ivermec OR and Alvet respectively; the extenseffectiveness (EE) of preparations was 100 %. No ascarides were detected only in 8 chicken of the third group; the extenseffectiveness (EE) was 80 %. Chickens of the control group remained infected with A. galli at the beginning and at the end of experiment. After giving the anthelmintics to chickens, no side effects were observed.

Objective of research: Preclinical assessment of subchronic toxicity of the supramolecular complex of Triclabendazole applied on laboratory animals. Materials and methods: Investigations were conducted on 40 male rats with the body mass of 200-220 g. Animals were divided into 4 equal groups. The drug was given to rats of 1, 2 and 3 groups at the doses of 1/5 (2600 mg/kg), 1/10 (1300 mg/ kg) and 1/20 (650 mg/kg) of LD50 (13000 mg/kg), respectively, during 7 days daily orally into the stomach using the gastric tube. Animas from the 4^th group received starch paste 1% and served as controls. During the experiment, we observed the general condition of animals, visible physiological functions (food and water intake, etc.), possible signs of intoxication; animals were weighted on the 1^st, 3^rd, 5^th and 7^th day of the experiment. On the 8^th day of the experiment, animals were killed by decapitation. After killing rats and blood taking, laparotomy was conducted, mass of the main organs (heart, lungs, liver, spleen, brain, seminal glands, thymus, pancreas, and adrenal glands) was determined, their mass coefficients calculated, visible changes detected. Hematological and biochemical indices of rats from experimental and control groups were investigated using the automatic analyzer. Results and discussion: When using the drug in three test doses, general condition and behavior of animals were normal; no signs of intoxication were detected. Triclafascid did not induce an increase in body mass. The investigation of internal organs of experimental animals did not reveal abnormalities. Mass coefficients of internal organs of rats from experimental and control groups did not significantly differ from each other. The application of the drug at the doses of 1/5 and 1/10 of LD50 caused minor decrease in the hemoglobin level related to the controls. The number of erythrocytes, thrombocytes, leucocytes, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) showed no significant changes. In tested doses, Triclafascid had no significant effect on concentrations of total protein and glucose. Kidney function was estimated by urea and creatinine levels. Both values were equal to the controls. Activities of aspartate and alanine aminotransferase did not show any significant changes after application of the drug in the tested doses, which indicated the normal liver function.

Objective of research: The study of seed treatment with pesticides as one of the ways of protection of the initial phases of growth and development of plants from phytophagous complex including cyst forming nematodes. Materials and methods: The research material contained soil samples, plants, eggs, larvae, imago, and cysts nematodes. Field experiments were conducted in 2007- 2016 in Kiev and Chernigov regions of Ukraine. Preparation of temporary and permanent slides, determination of species composition of nematodes were carried out by standard methods. Field studies were conducted to investigate the biological effects of protectants on potatoes, sugar-beet and grain crops. The efficacy of metabolic biopreparations Avercom, Avercom nova-2, Violar and Phytovit based on ethanol extract from biomass of soil streptomyces (Streptomyces аvermitilis UKM AC-2179, S. netropsis UKM AC -2186, S. violaceus UKM AC -2191) was studied. The above mentioned biopreparations were used both for the pre-sowing treatment of Pekinese cabbage seeds and during the vegetation period of plants. Results and discussion: Pre-sowing treatment of seed and planting material with modern disinfectants permitted for use ensures different protection levels of the initial phases of growth and development of plants not only from pests and diseases, but also from phytoparasitic nematodes. It should be pointed out that staying in a toxic area does not always lead to the death of nematodes; a certain part of the population entered into the temporary diapause induced by toxic substances. It’s also proved that in addition to a direct toxic action, the disinfectants also have disorientation and repellent properties against nematodes. Nowadays the perspective metabolic drugs are Avercom, Avercom nova-2, Violar and Phytovit based on ethanol extract from biomass of soil streptomyces. We have determined high biological effectiveness (68,3-90,2%) of these drugs against beet cyst nematode.

The activity of alcohol extracts from 6 plant species was investigated with respect to the root-knot nematode-strawberry system. An evaluation was made of the nematostatic and nematicidal activity of the extracts. In production conditions, the most active was the extract Tanacetum vulgare at concentration 0.6%. It had the lowest M. hapla population density, with gall index and root/soil population densities not different than the oxamil treated plants and there were no stastically proved difference between T. vulgare and non-infested control.