The purpose of the research is to study the parasitic fauna of the gastrointestinal tract of domestic goats in the Moscow region with the approbation of a standard treatment for identified types of pathogens of nematodoses.

Materials and methods. 56 adult domestic goats have been studied in the Moscow Region in the summer-autumn period. The content of animals is pasture-stall. 98 fecal samples were examined for the presence of gastrointestinal parasites by the flotation method with a solution of ammonium nitrate, formalin-ether precipitation, the Berman method (Zajac, Conboy, 2012). The treatment regimens was applied on 11 goats with detected eggs of the fam. Strongylidae in feces samples, 4 with Nematodirus spp., 6 goats with combined infection of fam. Strongylidae and Trichuris spp. Therapy was performed with fenbendazole at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 5 days. When the efficiency was low, fenbendazole was repeated at a dose of 20 mg/kg 5 days. After treatment, feces were examined after 10, 30 and 90 days.

Results and discussion. Domestic goats in the Moscow region have the following infections: nematodes fam. Strongylidae with extensive infection (EI) 44.6%, nematode Trichuris spp., EI 10.7%, Nematodirus spp. EI 3.6%, coccidioses Eimeria spp., EI 26.8% and Giardia spp., EI 3.6%. No trematode eggs or cestodes were found. The therapy with fenbendazole at a dose of 10 mg/kg within 5 days showed the 100% efficiency at strongylatosis and nematodirosis. Such dose was ineffective when a goat was parasitized by Trichuris spp. When the fenbendazole dose was increased to 20 mg/kg within 5 days, 100 % efficiency was obtained. All goats remained free from nematodes on the 30th and 90th days after the therapy according the results of coprological studies. An autopsy of one goat showed no parasites after the treatment. Fenbendazole remains an effective medication in treating gastrointestinal nematodosis of the goat.

The purpose of the research is to study the specifics of the regional spreading of oesophagostomosis in the North Caucasus region, taking into account the breed and age of the sheep.

Materials and methods. The materials used for the study are sets of intestinal sections (90 sets each) and feces samples (300 samples each) of North Caucasian meat and wool breed and Karachaev coarse-haired breed. In this study, the method of full helminthological dissection according to K. I. Skryabin was used, along with method of coprolarvoscopy. The determination of the species of nematodes was carried out according to the guide of K. I. Skryabin and others.

Results and discussion. Oesophagostomosis in Kabardino-Balkaria is an enzootic infection that infects 44.44–61.11% of sheep population. The intensity of infection with oesophagostomosis ranges from 110.3±12.8 to 303.53±28.20 species/animal. In lambs up to 1 year of age, the extensiveness of infection by oesophagostomosis was 63.33% with an intensity of infection of 328.6±28.3 species/animal; in Karachai lambs the rate was 43.33% and 212.4±19.2 species/animal respectively; in young sheep of 1–2 years old, the rate was 80.0% and 406.3±39.9 species/animal; in the Karachai breed the rate was 63.33 % and 289.6±25.7 species/animal. The most susceptible to oesophagostomosis, regardless of age, are sheep of the North Caucasian meat and wool breed, which is explained by the characteristics of the range and ecology of food. Oesophagostomosis, regardless of breed, is most common in lambs from 3 months to 1 year. These data should be used in predicting the epizootic situation and searching for measures to combat sheep oesophagostomosis in the region.

The purpose of the research is studying biology of Metagonimus yokogawai, metagonimosis seasonal dynamics in the Upper Amur River region, and influence of temperature factors on infection extensity.

Materials and methods. The material for the research was collected in the Amur Region waters. The mollusks were studied for being infected with M. yokogawai by the A. S. Shatrov method: the water from petrie dishes was studied under an MBS-9 microscope for trematoda larvae after the mollusks were exposed in it for a day at water temperature of 18 оС. The mollusk Semisulcospiro cancellata liver was also studied for trematoda larvae using a compressor trichinelloscopy. 37 fish species were studied for being infected with metacercarias M. yokogawai by the G. A. Glazkov method. The infection of fish with metacercarias M. yokogawai and the prevalence of metacercarias were determined by infected scales using a microscope.

Results and discussion. The infection of various fish species with metacercarias M. yokogawai in the study areas of the Amur Region is different and varies from 4 to 57%. The highest infection of definitive hosts in autumn leads to an increase in the concentration of parasite eggs in water reservoirs in such period, and to mass infection of molluscan intermediate hosts. The duration of M. yokogawai development in intermediate hosts is due to a low water temperature in the Upper Amur Region rivers in an autumn-winter-spring period. An infection peak of Carnivores with metagonimosis in the climate of the Upper Amur Region is observed once a year, in autumn. The fish caught in lowland rivers in autumn is the greatest danger for a human being.

The purpose of the research is to forecast the epizootic situation in main helminthosis of farm livestock in the Russian Federation for 2019.

Annual preventive dehelminthizations reduce the infection to some extent but full recovery of the livestock from helminths is not achieved. A means of integrated influence on the effectiveness of helminthosis control is annual forecasts made subject to the impact of environmental factors. Monitoring and forecasting as localized as possible allow for assessing infection risks of the specific livestock subject to the number of susceptible animals. A forecast throughout the Russian Federation is synoptic as biology of different types of helminths varies significantly depending on the habitat. Forecasts have their own aspects in different areas of the Russian Federation due to different weather conditions, the number and species composition of intermediate hosts (for biohelminths) and animal living conditions in a specific area.

The purpose of the research is studying the expansion of opisthorchosis in non-commercial fish in the Tver, Moscow, Kaluga and Yaroslavl Region rivers and lakes. Developing a comprehensive approach in the diagnostics of opisthorchosis applying morphological, molecular and genetic methods and the bioassay method.

Materials and methods. The work was done in 2014–2018. 90 specimens of non-commercial fish were studied which were caught by recreational fishing in three rivers and three lakes of the central part of Russia. A metacercaria was divided using fish muscles digested in a simulated gastric fluid in the VNIIIP laboratory of sanitary parasitology. For a differentiated diagnostics of the metacercarias of trematodes, a comprehensive approach was applied in the work using the methods of morphology determination by a light microscope and professional literature, a method of bioassay on golden hamster in a vivarium, and by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the VNIIIP laboratory of molecular biology. For this purpose, species-specific primers and standard commercial sets published earlier were used to divide and amplify a DNA. The reaction was detected in a 1.5% agarose gel.

Results and discussion. According to the results of the completed studies, the roach from the Desna River (the Moscow Region), the Nara River (the Kaluga Region), and the roach and the silver bream from the Volga River (the Tver Region) were infected with metacercarias Opisthorchis felineus, which was evidenced by the PCR. The roach, white beam and tench from the Istra Reservoir, Lake Beloye and Lake Nero were free from metacercarias O. felineus. A bioassay test on Syrian hamsters was positive when metacercarias from muscles of the roach caught in the Desna of the Moscow Region were fed off. In other cases, the bioassay tests were negative irrespective of the PCR positive in the roach from the Nara and the roach and silver bream from the Volga. Thus, the central part of Russia currently has pestholes of opisthorchosis O. felineus in the small rivers (the Desna, the Nara) and in the Volga in and around the Tver Region. The infection intensity in the roach in the small rivers decreases with age and proceeds as a mono infection, whereas the roach and the silver beam in the Volga were infected with metacercarias of several types of trematodes, and metacercarias O. felineus in such types can be confirmed by the PCR as a bioassay at low concentrations of metacercarias of opisthorchid flukes provides little information. The roach and the tench in Lake Beloye on the east of Moscow were free from all metacercarias of trematodes, whereas some few metacercarias of trematodes that are nonpathogenic for a human being and carnivore were detected in the roach and the silver beam in the Istra Reservoir of the Moscow Region. Very few metacercarias of nonpathogenic trematodes were found in Lake Nero of the Yaroslavl Region.

The purpose of the research is to study the immunotoxic properties of the supramolecular complex of fenbendazole (CMF).

Materials and methods. The study of the immunotoxic properties of SMF was performed using the agglutination reaction and delayed-type hypersensitivity. In each experimental group, there were 7–8 CBA × C57BL / 6 mice weighing 16–18 g. The CMF was administered once intragastrically at a therapeutic dose of 20 mg/kg for the active substance, in a tenfold dose – 200 mg/kg, the basic drug – fenbendazol asked in a tenfold dose of 20 mg/kg. Control groups of animals received starch paste. Then the mice were immunized intraperitoneally with a 3 % suspension of sheep erythrocytes (test antigen) and distributed into 8 groups. The effect of drugs on antibody production was determined in the hemagglutination reaction, the antibody titer in the serum in the microvariant of the direct hemagglutination reaction with the calculation of the reaction index. The effect of the drug on cellular immunity was established in a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH) to sheep erythrocytes.

Results and discussion. The introduction of the tested drugs had no inhibitory effect on antibody production in mice of the experimental groups: 6.5±0.22; 6.17±0.47 and 7.75±0.25 (log2) compared with the control – 7.67±0.21 (log2). Reaction indices were respectively 0.85; 0,80 and 1,01. Oral administration of a single CMF in therapeutic (20 mg/kg) and in a tenfold therapeutic dose (200 mg/kg) did not affect the cellular level of immunity. The shifts in the inflammatory response index in animals were 9.05±3.47 and 10.05±2.25% respectively. The introduction of the basic drug stimulated the reaction of HRT, which was manifested by an increase in the inflammation index (21.06±3.32%) compared with the control group (9.27±3.91%).

The purpose of the research is to study the tolerability of the complex drug for veterinary use “Inspector Kvadro Tabs” on animals in increased doses.

Materials and methods. Studies were conducted in veterinary clinics in Moscow (LLC "LEBEN" and LLC "Vet Cat") and based on FSBSI "VNIIGIS named after K. I. Skryabin. To study the effect of the drug on the animals' organism, 3 groups of 5 clinically healthy outbred animals were formed: cats of 1–2 years old weighing 3–6 kg, kittens of 7–12 weeks old weighing 600–1100 g, dogs of 1–3 years old weighing 8–11 kg, puppies 7–11 weeks old weighing 1–6 kg. The drug was used in 2- and 5-times increased doses three times with an interval of 7 days. During the experiment, the animals were monitored daily, noting their general condition, behavior, appetite, controlled their weight, and body temperature.

Results and discussion. It is established that "Inspector Quadro Tabs" in 2 and 5 times increased doses has a good tolerability of animals, does not adversely affect the general condition and behavior of cats, kittens, dogs and puppies. In the process of the experiment, no deviations of hematological, biochemical and urological parameters were noted.

The purpose of the research is to characterize the methods for testing and assessment of efficiency of anthelmintics against trichinellosis and hymenolepidosis in laboratory model.

Materials and methods. The literature and own research results have been analyzed as regards testing and efficiency assessment of anthelmintics against trichinellosis and hymenolepidosis in white mouse as a laboratory model weighting 14–16 g that was infected experimentally with Trichinella spiralis larvae in a dose of 200 larvae per specimen and with Hymenolepis nana eggs in a dose of 200 infective eggs per specimen. The medication efficiency was considered subject to the results of a small intestine autopsy on the 2nd and 4th days after the medications were injected to treat trichinellosis and hymenolepidosis in white mice accordingly.

Results and discussion. A detailed description has been given for progressive methods to test medication and new chemical compound effect on nematode activity in white mice infected experimentally with T. spiralis, and on cestode activity in white mice infected experimentally with H. nana in a dose of 200 larvae and 100–200 eggs per specimen accordingly. In order to study effectiveness, the test medications were introduced into animals on the 3rd day in the trichinellosis case and on the 13th day in the hymenolepidosis case. Anthelmintic effectiveness was taken into consideration based on helminthologic autopsy of small intestines in animals on the 2nd and 4th days after the medications were given against T. spiralis и H. nana accordingly. The helminthes found in the experimental and control (uncured) animals were counted by a checkup analysis, namely, in comparison with the control animals.

The purpose of the research is to study morphofunctional changes in tegument, intestines and parenchyma of Fasciola hepatica after triclabendazole influence.

Materials and methods. The objects of the research were F. hepatica, taken from the liver of spontaneously infected sheep in 24 hours after triclabendazole influence at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Trematodes were fixed in methyl alcohol and glacial acetic acid solution at the ratio 3 : 1, and then in 70% alcohol. The material was treated by the generally accepted histologic procedure and submerged into paraffin. Sections with thickness 5–7 mkm were dyed with histological and histochemical methods and were studied in a light microscope.

Results and discussion. Morphofunctional research of tegument and intestines of F. hepatica – organs which perceived anthelminthic first, showed its deep structural changes after triclabendazole influence. Parenchyma – a tissue of internal environment, which is a system regulating parasite’s organism metabolic processes and homeostasis is also exposed to anthelminthic influence. Parenchyma’s decay products increase toxic properties of anthelminthic and his metabolites, and in common this greatly influences on reproductive organs, including a female with eggs.

The danger of animal complications due to drug therapy increases the responsibility of developers/manufacturers for the safety of medicinal products for veterinary use, including those in civilian circulation. At the time of making a decision on the state registration of a drug, information obtained during its preclinical and clinical studies on undesirable reactions and side effects cannot be complete, since these studies are limited to a small number and similarity of experimental animals and a relatively short duration of experiments. In addition, with long-term use of the drug may be delayed adverse side reactions that can occur months and years after exposure of the drug to a living organism. Considering this, the pharmacovigilance system should function effectively in the producer (or developer) of the drug, the main task of which is monitoring monitoring of drug safety during the pre-registration period, tracking and analyzing data on the effect of the drug when it is in public circulation, and taking adequate measures to prevent adverse effects of drug therapy. As a result of the analysis, data on regulatory and methodological documents on the organization of monitoring the safety of pharmacological drugs were systematized, recommendations prepared with the provisions of international and domestic legislative regulatory and information documents related to the methodology of organizing pharmacovigilance and monitoring drug safety were prepared.

The purpose of the research is to define efficacy and to carry out titration of therapy dose of supramolecular complex of albendazole extra and triclabendazole in case of fasciolosis and gastro-intestinal nematodosis of sheep.

Materials and methods. Testing the effectiveness of supramolecular complex of albendazole extra and triclabendazole based on low-molecular polymer polyvinylpyralidone-17 were carried out in the North Caucasian Federal District of the Chechen Republic from December 15 to December 30, 2018 on 65 sheep of the Tushino breed spontaneously infected by gastro-intestinal nematodes and Fasciola sp. Infected sheep were selected for the study based on the coproovoscopic studies by the Fulleborn’s method with the use of the ammonium nitrate solution. Selected sheep were divided into 5 groups based on matching criteria. 15 sheep of the first group were administered the preparation orally in a form of aqueous solution using a bottle in a dosage of 2.0 mg/kg of active substance (20 mg/kg of the preparation), second group – 4.0 mg/kg (40 mg/kg), third group – 5 mg/kg (50 mg/kg of the preparation). Fourth group of sheep was administered the mixture of triclabendazole and albendazole for the control (1 : 1 proportion), in a dosage of 4.0 mg/kg. Fifth group of five sheep was a clean control group and did not receive any preparations. After the administering of the preparation, clinical condition of the studied sheep was observed for three days. To determine the effectiveness of the preparation against Fasciola sp., after 8–10 days after the administration of the preparation, 5 sheep of each group were slaughtered for the helminthologic dissection of the liver. Also, the feces samples were collected from each animal and they were studied by the Fulleborn's method. Estimation of the efficiency of the drugs was performed by the method of "critical test" and helminthological dissection of the liver after slaughter according to the Guidelines approved by the World Association for the Progress of Veterinary Parasitology (1995).

Results and discussion. Supramolecular complex based on albendazole and triclabendazole at a dose of 4.0 mg/kg (40 mg/kg in the preparation) once showed 100% effectiveness according to coproovoscopy and slaughter against mixed infection caused by Fasciola sp. and gastro-intestinal nematodes of sheep. This dosage was the lowest during which the high efficiency was shown and it was accepted by us as a therapeutic. The mixture of albendazole and triclabendazole at the same dosage showed less efficiency, 22.0 and 24.5 respectively. Thus, the high efficiency of the supramolecular complex against Fasciola sp. and gastrointestinal nematodes 5 times weaker in the therapeutic dosage was obtained. The advantage of the drug is that albendazole in it does not have an embryotropic effect.

The purpose of the research is obtaining immuno reagents for determination of two types of parasitic nematodes Ditylenchus destructor and D. dipsaci (antigens and antiserums for them).

Materials and methods. Three immunizations of laboratory animals (white scrub mice) have been carried out at a dose of 20 mcg of the target protein per animal at 7–10 day intervals. The efficient titer of the antiserums obtained was described by the Dot-ELISA method using secondary goat anti-mouse immunoglobulins conjugated with alkaline phosphatase. For measuring a specificity of the obtained immuno reagents, an ELISA plate in an indirect format was used.

Results and discussion. The antiserums obtained have a specificity for two types of nematodes D. destructor and D. dipsaci, and for one non-parasitic nematode Rhabditis sp. The specificity of the obtained antiserums ranges from 82 to 97%. The sensitivity of antiserums to homogenates of stem nematodes D. destructor and D. dipsaci of plants at the antiserum dilution 1 : 3000 is 1 ng and 50 ng accordingly.