Objective of research:  to study dynamics of formation of parasitocenoses in cattle on a stabled and pastured management regime in the Chechen Republic.

Materials and methods: The research was conducted in 2014–2015 at the state factory farm «Terek» in Shelkovsky region of the Chechen Republic.

Fecal samples from 67 calves from the birth to one year were taken monthly and investigated by flotation and Baermann techniques to reveal eggs/larvae of helminths and protozoan cysts.

Animals occasionally culled for economic reasons were killed in slaughterhouses and underwent a helminthological autopsy to detect imaginal forms of helminths. Altogether 155 heads of cattle were dissected and investigated. The species belonging of helminths was determined according to the «Determinant of cattle helminths» by V. M. Ivashkin, S. A. Muhamadiev (1981).

Results and discussion: The parasite system of cattle is presented by 29 species of helminths and 2 species of protozoa. Strongyloides papillosus, Neoascaris vitulorum, Cryptosporidium parva и Eimeria spp.  parasitise calves of 1-3 months of age which are on a stabled regime.

Moniezia autumnalia, M. benedeni, N. vitulorum, Dictyocaulus viviparus, Bunostomum phlebotomum, S. papillosus (by different intensity of invasion) were detected in calves 4-5 months of age grazing on pasture.  The species composition and intensity of invasion will increase with an increase in the age of animals.

Objective of research: to study the helminth fauna in cats of the family Felidae in Azerbaijan.

Materials and methods: 58 European wild cats, 88 jungle and 136 domestic cats from different regions of Azerbaijan were examined in 1985–2000 by the method of full helminthological dissection.

Results and discussion: In different landscapes of Azerbaijan the helminth fauna in cats was formed depending on cat etiology, nutritional composition of their food and bioecological features of landscapes.

14 helminth species happened to be similar for all cat families. For the first time 4 new helminth species were revealed in wild cats, 2 species – in jungle, 17 – in domestic cats.

We determined the important role of intermediate hosts (making the base of cat nutrition) in the formation of the helminth fauna, in the exchange of helminths in the ecosystem between animals. 23 helminth species, which infest humans and domestic animals, are potentially dangerous and have a significant epizootological and epidemiological importance.

Objective of research. Hard ticks as blood sucking ectoparasites and vectors of animal and human diseases are considered as one of the most important arthropods. Ticks can transmit a variety of diseases among livestock. They are distributed throughout Southern Ural, affecting cattle, horses, sheep, goats and dogs.

Materials and methods. The aim of the survey is to estimate the recent distribution, host-parasite relationships, seasonal activities of the hard ticks in Southern Ural, based on original material collected within 2000-2013.

Results and discussion. The fauna of ticks in Southern Ural is represented by following species: Dermacentor marginatus Sulzer, 1776 (70,2%), Dermacentor reticulatus Fabricius, 1794 (22,3%), Rhipicephalus rossicus Yakimov et Kohl-Yakimova, 1911 (3,2%), Hyalomma scupense Schulze, 1918 (1,8%), Hyalomma detritum Schulze, 1919 (1,6%), Ixodes ricinus Linnaeus, 1758 (0,9%). Genus Dermacentor is dominant in region (92,5% of total number). D. marginatus considerably prevails above D. reticulatus (70,2 and 22,3%). Other species meets in insignificant quantity.

FMRFamide-like peptides play an important physiological role in the enteric nervous system of nematodes.

This is confirmed by immunocytochemical data on the presence and localization of neuropeptides in the pharynx of parasitic nematode Ascaris suum; identification of flp-gene in free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans expressing in pharyngeal neurons of the nervous system and encoding a number of FMRFamide - like neuropeptides; high sensitivity of the radial muscle of the pharynx nematodes towards a variety of  FMRFamide - like neuropeptides isolated from the nematode tissues.

This review is devoted to a comparative analysis of data on the effects of some relatively short FMRFamide - like neuropeptides isolated from the nematode tissues, on pharyngeal pumping behavior in parasitic and free-living nematodes.

The question about the possible use of some neuropeptides as potential anthelmintics inhibiting or completely turning off the work of the pharyngeal pump in parasitic nematodes is being discussed.

Objective of research:  To study monieziasis in cattle from dairy cattle farms in  Vologda region.

Materials and methods: Basic issues in epizootology, biology, ecology of moniezia and their intermediate hosts were investigated in 2006-2015; measures for treatment and prevention were elaborated.

Results and discussion:  Moniezia invasion in various climatic and geographic zones of the region manifested in different ways. The highest level of invasion was registered in the Northwestern zone. It was determined that cattle were mostly parasitized by Moniezia expanza, Rudolphi, 1810, M. benedeni, Moniez, 1879, M. autumnalia, Kuznetsov, 1967 where M. benedeni, Moniez, 1879  was dominating.

Cattle, which have been grazing already, are infested by moniezia all year round. The maximum intensity of moniezia invasion in the given cattle group was observed in autumn.

Along with the increase in invasion intensity, the amount of helminth eggs in faeces from infected animals also increased. First signs of infestation of calves of the first grazing season by moniezia cysticercoids were observed at the beginning of the pasture season due to Oribatei ticks infected with moniezia, which have overwintered. Calves of the current year are mostly infested by moniezia.  Tick infestations of different types of pastures is different. According to our data, artificial pastures of the first year application are the safest for grazing. There is a risk to be infested by moniezia on the grazing yards, holding enclosures as well as in feeding rolled bales of hay, which are prepared on unfavorable plots. The most effective preparations for dehelminthization against moniezia are  Homicide and Fezol. According to the a.m., the measures for treatment and prevention of cattle cestodosis in Non-Black Earth Zone of the Russian Federation have been developed.

In the present study, examination of 442 faecal samples was performed: 171 from cattle, 128 from buffaloes and 143 from sheep. During the period from May, 2014 to April, 2015, fecal examination showed the infection rate with abomasal nematodes was 30% in cattle, 22.6% in buffaloes, and 31.4% in sheep. Fecal culture gave results of 47.5%, 30%, and 50.3% in cattle, buffaloes and sheep respectively. Seasonal infection with abomasal nematodes as shown by faecal culture in cattle, reveals the highest infection rate is in summer (55.9%), followed by spring (54.1%), autumn (50%), and winter (33.3%). Cooperia spp. is the most prevalent larva in both cattle and buffaloes; Strongyloides papillosus is the most predominant one in sheep. Here we introduce the first study of abomasal worms infection in ruminants in Sohag, Egypt. The prevalence is found to be so high among the all examined animals, that we recommend that the authorities apply suitable control programs.

Fundamental and applied studies on the regularities of formation and functioning of parasitic systems and their components in natural and agricultural biocenoses of different ecological and climatic zones in Russian Federation and some CIS countries were carried out.  Monitoring and forecast of epizootic situation on parasitic diseases in farm animals and wildlife was conducted. Methods for prevention and fight against parasitoses were elaborated. Search for the next generation of diagnostic tools and complex remedies for protection of animals was conducted.

Objective of research: to study the infection level of molluscs Melanoides kainarensis Starobogatov et Izzatullaev, 1980 with cercariae of trematode Philophthalmus lucipetus (Rudolphi, 1819) under conditions of Uzbekistan.

Materials and methods: Cercariae and parthenitae of Ph. lucipetus of  molluscs M. kainarensis from the warm spring Boshkhovuz of Samarkand region, Uzbekistan were investigated.  Morphological and biological studies were carried out by well-known standard parasitological methods.

Results and discussion: The research revealed that 2801 specimens of M. kainarensis were infected with cercariae and parthenitae of Philophthalmus Looss, 1899, which were identified as Ph. lucipetus. The collected cercariae and adolescariae were used for the experimental infestation with Anser anser dom., Anas platyrhynchos dom. and Gallus gallus dom. Adult parasites isolated from conjunctival sacs of infected birds were identified as Philophthalmus lucipetus. That was the first evidence for the role of M. kainarensis as the intermediate host for these trematodes.

Objective of research:   to estimate the efficacy of fractionated antigen of mature cattle parasites Setaria labiato-papillosa in diagnosis of dirofilariasis (Dirofilaria immitis).

Materials and methods:  Antigens of mature Setaria labiato-papillosa, reference sera from infected and not infected dogs. Reaction of immunodiffusion (RID) in agar gel using reference sera from dogs infected with D. immitis, and extracts from S. labiato-papillosa and D. immitis. Gel-chromatographic method on Pharmacia columns of Superose 12 Prep Grade and immunoenzymatic reaction (IER).

Results and discussion: The reaction of immunodiffusion (RID) was used to detect cross-reacting antigens of D. immitis and  S. labiato-papillosa.  The fractionation of antigen-extract from S. labiato-papillosa allows to get 40 protein fractions, 7 (17,5%) of which were of interest for diagnosis of dirofilariasis. The evaluation of these fractions with respect to diagnosis of dirofilariasis was performed  by immunoenzymatic reaction with 47 serum samples from dogs including 11 serum samples from D. immitis infected dogs; 6  D. repens; 3 – Babesia canis; 3 – Toxocara canis; 9samples from dogs with non-parasitic pathology and 15 – from clinically healthy dogs. These results revealed that in one of 11 serum samples infected by D. immitis, and in two of 6 serum samples infected by D. repens a false-negative response has been registered.

The test sensitivity was 82,4%, the specificity – 83,3%. The sensitivity of the similar test with these sera using the purified antigen extract from mature D. immitis, was also 82,4%, and the specificity – 86,7%.

The comparability of diagnostic test results for dirofilariasis by IER using antigenic preparations from Setaria and Dirofilaria allows to come to a conclusion that it is possible to use S. labiato-papillosa as a source of antigen for diagnosis of dirofilariasis (D. immitis).

The exact mechanisms of secondary immunosuppression caused by parasite infection has not yet been clarified. Even less explored is the ability of helminths antigens to induce apoptosis in immuno-competent mammalian cells during the invasion. The aim of this study was to establish the possible relationship between the immuno-competent cells apoptosis, the dynamics of changes in the leucocyte count of peripheral blood and development of immunosuppression during chronization of helminthosis in mice infected with Syphaciaobvelata.

Materials and methods. Eighty five albino mice with a mean body weight of 18-20 g were used in the experiment. Animals were divided into the following experimental groups: 1) intact animals (control group), 2) animals infected Syphaciaobvelata (Rudolphi, 1802), Seurat, from 1916 n / a Oxiurata.

Mice were decapitated after 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8 weeks after infection by raush-anesthesia and blood was collected from the tail vein. Blood smears were stained with Giemsa-Romanovsky method. Light microscopy was used to determine leukocyte formula, and to count the number of neutrophils and lymphocytes with morphological signs of varying degrees of apoptosis.

Lymphocytes were isolated by Ficoll — verografin density gradient separation, their total concentration was counted in Goryaev camera and adjusted with medium to 2 x106/ml. The obtained data were statistically processed using STATISTICA software (version 8.0 for Windows) and the SPSS (version 11.0).

Results and discussion. Helminthiases in the acute stage (1, 2, 3 weeks) promoted eosinophilia formation and reduction of geterofilov and lymphocytes number, while did not change significantly the percentage of other forms of white blood cells. In blood smears morphological features of apoptosis were observed in a small amount in geterofily lymphocytes.

Thus, it was found that in the acute stage of infection the activation of cellular immunity occures, expressed mainly in the form of eosinophilia and indicating the development of hypersensitivity.

During the 8 weeks development of helmithasis (mice syphaciosis) and its conversion into chronic stage the activity of leukocytes apoptosis increased. This is apparently an essential link in the pathogenesis of helminthiasis in general and developing immunosuppression in particular. The most important role belong to the apoptosis of immunocompetent cells such as lymphocytes and geterophyls.

Objective of research:   To study the prevalence of toxocariasis in the Kirov region, the coproovoscopic investigations of domestic carnivorous and caged fur-bearing animals have been conducted.

Materials and methods: Before and after dehelmintization, the blood of carnivorous from fur farms of the Kirov region were tested. Blood tests of carnivorous were performed by standard hematological, crystalloscopic and immunological methods (ring-precipitation test with the BIEM antigen prepared from adult Toxocara parasites) using for the medical and biological analysis the software West Medica Produktionsund HandelsGmbH.

The registration of the efficacy of dehelmintization was carried out by coproovoscopy of feces before and 10 days after giving the anthelmintic using the counting chamber VIGIS (Kotel'nikov G.A., Migacheva L.D., 1987)

Results and discussion: Helminth eggs in feces of carnivorous (polar fox, silver-black and red fox, mink) were examined by the flotation method of Fuelleborni before and after dehelmintization with tetramisole using the group method. During the coproovoscopic examination, Toxocara eggs were found in 0,5% of  anonymous fecal samples, in 0,1%  of fecal samples from domestic carnivorous, but in samples from caged fur animals this value ran up to 95,5% before the scheduled dehelmintization, and several days later went down to 92,2% in dehelmintized animals.

Toxocara eggs were found in feces from all animals in the fur farm (polar fox, silver-black and red fox, raccoon dogs), in mustelids (polecat and mink) no Toxocara eggs were found. The antheklmintic has a therapeutic effect but it is not high enough. However, the immune-hematological  parameters approximated to normal values.

Objective of research:  to study a complex of measurements against nematodoses in the Republic of  Belarus, to analyze the dynamics of nematodoses detected in 2010-2014 based on the data of the clinical laboratory at the polyclinic of the city of Grodno, to investigate the familiarity of population with helminth infections by survey questionnaire of patients from the a.m. polyclinic, to study the dynamics of trichinellosis morbidity according to the data of the regional Sanitary and Epidemiological Station (SES).

Materials and methods:  In our research, we used statistical data from the clinical laboratory of Polyclinic no. 4 of the city of Grodno and the survey questionnaire of patients, statistics from the regional Sanitary and Epidemiological Station on the trichinellosis morbidity among the population of the Grodno region in 2012-2014, coproovoscopic methods to diagnose ascaridosis and trichocephalosis, a method of rectal smears with an adhesive tape to diagnose enterobiasis.

Results and discussion: The nematode infection is spread mainly through food.

When evaluating the research data, we pointed out the decreased prevalence of ascaridosis, beginning from 2011, however, the number of studies carried out on this disease has increased significantly.

The same situation is observed also in relation to enterobiasis, the figures have decreased twice starting from 2013. The statistics show that pinworm infection (enterobiasis) most commonly occurs among children. Within 5 years, no cases of trichocephalosis were detected.

In 2014, in Grodno region 36 cases of thrichinellosis were reported. The disease was caused by wild boar meat, which did not pass the veterinary expertise.

Objective of research: to study the efficacy of supramolecular complexes of Phenasalum at monieziasis in cattle.

Materials and methods: After helminthoovoscopic examination of feces by Fülleborn’s flotation method and evaluation of extensity and intensity of invasion, we have selected and formed according to the principle of analogs, 5 groups (10 heads each) of  Kazakh white-headed calves at the age of  6–7 mo. Animals in experimental groups received drugs orally as a single dose. Calves of the first group received a supramolecular complex of Phenasalum with Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in the ratio 1 : 2 at a dose of 20 mg a.i./kg (60 mg/kg of the body mass). The second group of animals was given a complex of Phenasalum with Arabinogalactan (AG) in the ratio 1: 2 at a dose of 20 mg a.i./kg (60 mg/kg of the body mass). Calves of the third group received a complex of Phenasalum with SiO2 in the ratio 1: 5 at a dose of 20 mg a.i./kg. Animals of the fourth group complex of Phenasalum with Arabinogalactan (AG) in the ratio 1:5 at a dose of 20 mg a.i./kg and 120 mg/kg of the body mass. Animal of the fifth group didn’t receive anthelmintics and served as controls.  14 days after giving the tested drugs, fecal samples were collected from all animal groups and helminthoovoscopic examinations were carried out.

Results and discussion:  The experiment showed that at the supramolecular complexes of Phenasalum with Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in the ratio 1 : 2 and Phenasalum with Arabinogalactan (AG) in the ratio 1 : 2 at a dose of 20 mg a.i./kg were the most effective  at monieziasis in cattle. The efficacy of the complex of Phenasalum with SiO2 in the ratio 1: 5  was 74 %. The doses of tested drugs (20 mg a.i./kg) were 5 times less than that of the based Phenasalum (100 mg/kg).

Objective of research: to study the therapeutic efficiency of domestic anthelmintic drug Troncil in the form of tablets for the treatment of giardiasis in dogs. The analysis of literature sources on the prevalence of giardiasis in humans, dogs and cats in the RF and abroad as well as recommended medications are presented in this article, test results of the domestic anthelmintic drug Troncil for giardiasis in dogs are provided.

Materials and methods: Stool specimens from 20 dogs of a dog shelter were examined, Giardia spp. cysts were detected in fecal samples with the use of PCRdiagnostics.

For this purpose, we used the test system of the laboratory ISOGEN GenPak DNA PCR to detect DNA of Giardia in biological samples from humans and animals using the polymerase chain reaction. PCR product was visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis using ethidium bromide staining, under UV light with a wavelength of 320 nm. The specific amplification fragment of a certain size allows us to presume the presence of DNA of the pathogen in the test sample. The combination anthelmintic Troncil was given within 3 days at a dose of one tablet to dogs

The combination tablets were administered within 3 consecutive days to dogs infected with Giardia lamblia in a quantity of 1 tablet / 10 kg bodyweight per day.

Results and conclusion: High effectiveness of treatment for giardiasis was registered, the excretion of Giardia cysts by infected animals has stopped.

One of the main advantages of the drug Troncil is its high efficiency in comparison with the drug Metronidazole.

The drug Troncil has provided a greater degree of security. There are no known contraindications for the drug Troncil. It may be given to puppies even from 6 weeks of age.

The purpose of the study is to develop new effective treatment of demodicosis in dogs with the use of klozantin  and immunomodulators.

The materials and methods. The work carried out at 45 home dogs of different breeds aged from 5 months up to 2 years, spontaneously infested demodexes, on the basis of a shelter for dogs and private veterinary clinic in Moscow. For the formation of test groups of animals pre-infestation of dogs was determined by the study of the skin. This is determined by: a) the index number of ticks, b) clinical signs of each animal.

The calculation of the dose of  klozantin for each animal was performed taking into account body mass prior to treatment. Closantel, were injected subcutaneously at 0, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th, 35th, 42nd and 49th days in doses of 2.5, 3.5 and 5.0 mg/kg for closantel in each group, respectively. Efficacy against ectoparasites took into account the results of clinical and laboratory examinations of skin scrapings after 4 and 8 weeks after application (on the 28th and 56th days from start of treatment).

 After determining therapeutic doses worked 4 patterns of use of the drug with different immunomodulators and without them. As the base drug used tablets, sipli" (production of "Forte Dogde", USA) at a dose of 3.0 mg/kg in cythioate with multiplicity 2 times a week for 12 consecutive weeks according to the instructions for use.

The results and discussion. Closantel the drug at a dose of 5.0 mg/kg for closantel with 12-fold subcutaneous application with multiplicity 1 time per week in combination with the immunomodulator polyoxidonium-vet, applied subcutaneously 2 times a week at a dose of 0.15-0.3 mg/kg (depending on weight of dog) during the first 3 weeks of beginning treatment, showed 100% efficiency in demodicosis dogs. The effectiveness of klozantin at the same dose and frequency in combination with other immunomodulators (ribotan, Roncoleukin) was significantly lower.

Objective of research: to study local irritative effects of drugs Aversect Forte and Aversect Kombi applied to the skin and conjunctiva.

 Materials and methods:   Research was conducted on white outbred male rats, which were divided into five groups of 6 rats each.  Rats from the first and second groups received Aversect Forte (Ivermectin+Abamectin) at a single dose of 5000 and 10000 mg/kg, respectively. Aversect Combi (Ivermectin + Aversectin С1) was applied singly at the same doses to rats from the third and fourth groups. 

Forming (shape-generating) mixture at a dose of 10000 mg/kg was applied to the animals of the fifth group which served as controls. The local irritative effects of Aversect Forte and Aversect Combi applied to the conjunctiva of rabbits was also investigated. We applied one drop of tested drugs to the lower conjunctival sac of the right eye, the left served as control.

Aversect Forte was instilled to rabbits in the first and second groups.  The first group of animals received the drug without the followed rinsing with distilled water, and the second – with the followed abundant rinsing. In the same way, we instilled Aversect Combi to rabbits from the third and fourth groups.

Within two weeks we registered every day the general health status of animals in the first and second groups, their behavioral features, coordination of movements, consumption of food and water, we also carefully examined the eye condition taking into account the specific features such as redness, swelling,  blear-eyedness, discharges, reaction of iris to light, pathological changes of the cornea.

Results and discussion: It was found, that Aversect Forte and Aversect Combi have      moderate irritative effects on conjunctiva, supposed due to ethanol contained in both preparations.

The full recovery of eye health occurs on the 7th day. Rinsing with water at once after using the preparations diminishes their irritative effects and accelerates the process of recovery.

Aversect Forte and Aversect Combi do not have irritative effects and do not cause functional skin disorders.

Objective of research:  to provide data on the effect of tomato plants with different varietal resistance and immuno-chemical characteristics on the morpho-physiological and population features of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid, White, 1919), Chitwood, 1949.

Materials and methods: Tomato plants were infected and cultivated by standard methods.

Parameters of nematodes (size, fertility, duration of life cycle, age and sex structure) of 156 lines in hybrids and cultivars of tomato Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill.) with different degrees of resistance to that nematode (resistance index  20% to 90%), as well the tomato cultivar (F1Karlson) which immune status was corrected with the use of immunomodulators.

Results and discussion: The increased resistance of plants has a significant effect on total morpho-physiological and some population parameters (size, fertility, time to reach sexual maturity, terms of development, the number of males, etc.). This fact may indicate the modifying effect of immunity factors on parasites. Morpho-physiological features express a regular association between the level of immunity and standard features of parasitic invasions, which is required to ensure a relative stability of host-parasite systems in each particular case.

Objective of research: to identify the role of intra-population and agro-meteorological factors in dynamics of populations of potato cyst-nematodes Globodera rostochiensis in potatoes grown as monoculture on loamy soil, and create the predictive mathematical models.

 Materials and methods: Dynamics of population density of potato cyst-nematodes Globodera rostochiensis in soil were studies over 15 years (from 1979 to 1993) on three fields with highly susceptible potato cultivars grown as monoculture. Sampling, phytohelminthological analysis of soil samples were performed by standard methods. Correlation between the agro-meteorological factors and population density of potato cyst-nematodes Globodera rostochiensis was investigated by the time-series analysis and the program Eviews 7.0.

Results and discussion: The correlation analysis of agro-meteorological factors carried out for a monoculture of highly susceptible potato cultivar (average monthly soil temperature at the depth of 10cm, oC: March, June, July, August, September, December, January, February, air temperature, oC: May, June, July, August, maximum depth of soil freezing, cm, freezing period, days, depth of snow cover, cm, amount of precipitation, mm: annual average , April, May, June, July, August, September, amount of days with precipitation: May, June, July, August, September), based on the effect on the population density of potato cyst-nematodes Globodera rostochiensis, revealed that the most meteorological factors have no significant effects  (r=0,01-0,6).

The following factors have a slight effect (r=0,3-0,4) on the population density of potato cyst-nematode Globodera rostochiensis : air temperature, oC in August, soil temperature at the depth of 10cm, oC in September, average effect (r=0,5-0,6), air temperature, oC in June, soil temperature at the depth of 10 cm,  in March and June, precipitations, mm: annual, May, June, July. Mathematical models for forecasting population densities of potato cyst-nematode Globodera rostochiensis based on agro-meteorological and intra-population factors in growing potatoes as monoculture on soils with low, medium and high level of fertility were developed.

Protostrongyloses are widely-spread in small cattle all over the world and may cause a significant economic damage manifested in decrease in livestock productivity as well as death of animals.

Based on our studies, the infestation of sheep and goats with protostrongylides was detected in all landscape zones of the republic of Armenia and in animals of all ages. As a rule, the protostrongylide invasion rate of goats is higher than of sheep.  Within the republic, the average invasion extensity in goats of different age groups ranges between 20,4 and 44,1%, and in sheep – between  16,5 and 37,0%.

In some stationary invasion foci, more than a half of livestock suffers through protostrongyloses. The highest protostrongylide invasion was found in animals older than 3 years of age, and the lowest – in animals of the first year of life, it means that the invasion increases with the age.

The invasion of animals in mountains is higher in comparison with animals from plain areas.

The peak of invasion falls on autumn and winter seasons.

Taking into account a high level of protostrongylide invasion in small cattle in the republic of Armenia, and the unavailability of guidelines on this infectious disease, we have developed (based on the long term investigation of more than 3000 head of animals) methodical recommendations for the struggle against protostrongyloses.

The implementation of these measurements proved their high efficacy and contributed to the significant reduction in morbidity of small cattle due to protostrongyloses.