Objective of research:   The purpose of  the  research is to study the species diversity of nematodes of the genus  Setaria, the  character of their distribution among the animals of Uzbekistan and morphologic  and genetic approaches to their differentiation. Material and methods.  The mature forms of nematodes  of the genus  Setaria were studied with the use of the light microscopy method. The morphologic and molecular genetic testing of the species  S.  equina  and S. labiatopapillosa was carried out with the use of common methods. Specimens of Setaria were taken from horses and cattle for the experiment.     Results and discussion:   The mammals of Uzbekistan were recorded to be infected with 5 species of Setaria, which inhabited the abdominal cavity of the animals. The species under study (S. equina и S. labiatopapillosa) demonstrated almost the same morphological character; the limits of the morphological character’s variability almost coincided, except for the size of the spicules. The molecular genetic methods proved to be the most reliable methods of differentiation.    

Objective of research. Objective the objective is to study the species composition of gastrointestinal helminths, the structural organization of helminthocenosis of the zoned breeds of sheep and local breeding in the mountain area of Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. Materials and methods. Studying species composition of gastrointestinal helminths, the structural organization of helminthocenosis of the zoned breeds of sheep and local breeding in the mountain area of Kabardino-Balkaria in 2014-2015 conducted in 60 households in 4 areas using generally accepted in helminthology methods. Results and discussion. In the mountain area of Kabardino-Balkaria, the sheep of NorthCaucasian meat and wool breed, and locally adapted breeds of sheep were infected with 28 gastrointestinal helminth types; the sheep of Karachaev rough wool breed - with 23 helminth types. Sheep of North-Caucasian meat and wool breed were most infected with gastrointestinal helminths (extensity of infection was from 3, 9 to 44, 5%); sheep of local breeds were moderately infected (extensity of infection was from 1, 3 to 24,0%); a low infection level was observed in sheep of Karachaev rough wool breed ( extensity of infection was from 0 to 10,3%). It was found, that in sheep of regional breeds the gastrointestinal nematodes of species Ostertagia (5 types), Oesophagostomum (1 type), Nematodirus (6 types), Nematodirella (1 type), Bunostomum (2 types), Trichostrongylus (5 types), Haemonchus (1 type), Chabertia (1 type), Trichocephalis (2 types) - total 24 types, quantitatively prevailed upon intestinal cestodes of species Moniezia (2 types), Avitellina (1 type), Tyzaniezia (1 type) - total 4 types. The most prevalent gastrointestinal helminth complex in locally adapted breeds of sheep in the mountains of Kabardino-Balkaria is represented by six nosological entities. The highest extensity of infection (EI) - 23,64% and intensity of infection (II) - 893,8±62,4 examples per head was observed at helminthocenosis in sheep «Ostertagia ostertagi + O.circumcincta + Nematodirella longispiculata + Nematodirus helvitianus + N.spathiger + Nematodirus filicollis+ Oesophagostomum radiatum + Bunostomum trigonocephalum + Trichostrongylus columbriformis + Haemonchus contortus + Chabertia ovina + Trichostrongylus axei + Ttichuris=Trichocephalis ovis».

Objective of research. Helminth fauna of rodents was investigated in the Central Chernozem State Nature Reserve (Kursk Region, Russia) in 2012-2014. Results and discussion. In total 499 individuals of twelve species from four families of rodents were examined and total prevalence by helminths was 46,3%. Thirty two species of helminths were recorded, including one species of trematodes, thirteen species of cestodes and eighteen species of nematodes. Three species of nematodes: Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Syphacia frederici, Heligmosomum costellatum and one species of cestodes: Catenotaenia henttoneni were in the dominant helminth group. Low value of helminth species richness in Myodes glareolus is detected and we suggest possible explanation for this pattern.

The seasonal dynamics of Parascaris equorum egg production in the body of horses has been studied. The experiments were conducted during each season on 5 horses casted out and infected with P. Equorum The number of eggs Parascaris equorum in 1 g of feces, the total daily fecal output and the number of females P. Equorum after animal slaughtering were registered, and the fertility of female nematodes calculated. Different P. equorum egg production in different seasons was reported. The maximum P. equorum egg production was registered in summer in July (13875±125,6 eggs/day), and in autumn in October (13012±124,5 eggs/day). A high fertility of P. equorum resulted in massive contamination of pastures and distribution of parascaridosis in horses in conditions of Chechen Republic.

Objective of research: The purpose of our research was to analyze the infestation of wild boar meat according to the data of laboratories for veterinary-sanitary expertise of Grodno and to study the clinical picture of patients with Trichinella. Material and methods: As research material served the statistical data on infestation of wild boar meat by Trichinella spiralis larvae provided from two laboratories for veterinary-sanitary expertise of Grodno, as well as statistics from the Regional Sanitary and Epidemiological Station on incidence of trichinellosis in Grodno region in 2012–2014. Results and discussion: In Belorussia in 2012 of the total volume of helminthiasis 83 % fell to enterobiasis, 13,7 % – ascariasis, 3,3 % – to other 12 nosological entities identified during the reporting year: alveococcosis, dirofilariasis, diphyllobothriasis, opisthorchiasis, strongyloidosis, te-niarinchosis, trichinellosis, trichocephaliasis, toxocariasis, cercariasis, cysticercosis, echinococcosis. Complex of natural conditions and species composition of natural hosts in Belorussia create favorable conditions for existence of natural foci of trichinellosis and define the endemic areas for this type of invasion. Wild boar meat infected by Trichinella spiralis larvae was investigated based on data received from two laboratories for veterinary-sanitary expertise of Grodno and medical records of patients of the Grodno Regional Infectious Clinical Hospital.

Objective of research: the purpose of this research is to study the infestation of young pigs by Cr. parvum in Vologda region depending on the season. Materials and methods: Seasonal dynamics of piglet invasion by cryptosporidia were studied during 2014 on the basis of two big pig farm complexes in Vologda and Cherepovetsk districts of Vologda region. Faeces from pigs up to one month of age mostly with clinical signs of diarrhea of varying severity were investigated on a monthly basis. Groups were formed out of experimental pigs (20–25 head in each) selected in each farm by the analogue principle. In total 282 pigs were examined. The faecal examination was performed using the direct smear method with the following Ziehl–Neelsen stain, also known as the acid-fast stain.  Results and discussion: The research reveals that the diagnosis of pig cryptosporidiosis was confirmed for both experimental pig farms. Piglets were infected with Cryptosporidium oocysts during all seasons of the year. The extensity of Cryptosporidium infection in different months varied within 30,4 – 62,5 %. The total infestation by C. parvum was 45,7 %. When studying the effect of seasonality on cryptosporidiosis infestation of young pigs, it was found that in all seasons Cryptosporidium infection was registered in approximately equal number of animals at the age up to one month. The significant increase in extensity and intensity of infection was observed in autumn and spring.

Objective of research: a study on the ecological and biological features of circulation of opisthorchiasis in conditions of Upper Don river (Voronezh region) based on retrospective and modern original materials. Materials and methods: wild carnivores (fox, stone marten, pine marten, American mink), and domestic carnivores (dog and cat) were examined by the method of full helminthological autopsy. Cyprinid fish have been investigated by compression method. The number of Opisthorchis metacercaria in fish muscles were calculated to determine the number values. Taxonomic studies were carried out using the field guides. Processing of whole-mount and terminal preparations from larval and adult trematodes was conducted by standard and laboratory-developed methods. The index of abundance, intensity and extensity of infection were used to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of infestation and the prevalence of larval and adult opisthorchids in hosts. Results and discussion: 4 types of opisthorchids were registered in Voronezh region: Opisthorchis felineus, Pseudamphistomum truncatum, Metorchis bilis and M. xanthosomus. It was determined that first of all the opisthorchiasis foci occur at small rivers. Opisthorchis marites were found in 5 types of mammals in natural ecosystems of Voronezh region. Domestic cats play a key role in circulation of opisthorchiasis in anthropogenic ecosystems of Voronezh region. The evaluation of infestation of cyprinid fish with Opisthorchis metacercariae was presented. It was found that with respect to invasion and accumulation of Opisthorchis metacercariae there are 3 dominant types of cyprinid fish: roach, redfin and bleak leading.

The features of babesiosis in dogs of Kirov Region were studied. Dynamics of babesiosis in dogs were analyzed based on annual reports and own monthly microscopic examinations. Diagnosis of babesiosis was made according to the results of microscopy of blood smears stained according Romanowsky method. The identification of tick species was performed according to their morphological features. The highest infection rate in dogs was registered in 2007 (66, 67 %), the lowest – in 2010 (19,7 %). The Babesia infection was significantly higher in animals living in Kirov and its suburbs. Dog babesiosis is a seasonal affective disease which has two peaks. The maximum peak was registered from the beginning of May until the middle of June (8,20 and 7,05 %), and the less pronounced peak – in September (3,44 %). The discovered ticks were differentiated as Ixodes ricinus.

Objective of research: a study of hematological values of spontaneously invaded bull calves at mono- and mixt fluke infection. Materials and methods: Blood of bull calves infected with helminths and intact bull calves at the age of 12–16 was investigated. Bull calves were divided into 4 groups (5 heads in each) based on the results of carpological examinations. Animals of the first group were spontaneously infected with fascioles, second – with dicrocoeliums, third – with both fascioles and dicrocoeliums. Bull calves from the forth group served as intact controls. After that, the animals have been slaughtered what enabled to confirm diagnosis using K.A. Skryabin method of helminthological most-mortem examination. Results and discussion: Changes in hematological values of bull calves at mono- and mixt invasions by trematodes were determined. In addition, the number of blood erythrocytes authentically decreased by 1,4±0,31–2,77±0,2 × 1012/l, in particular at invasion with fascioles – by 23,61 %, with dicrocoeliums- 18,06, at their association - by 35,74 %. Hemoglobin concentration is significantly lower than the physiological norm, and in comparison with the blood values of intact control animals decreases by 1,44–1,6 times. Changes observed in the leukogram are specific for regenerative shift of nucleus, which is the index of bone marrow activity and the presence of inflammatory processes. This is verified by the calculated index of nucleus shift which at invasion by liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) is 0,24 (low level invasion), and in case of invasion by trematode Dicrocoelium lanceatum and the association with Fasciola hepatica, reaches 0,37–0,48 and serves as a factor of an average invasion rate.

Objective of research: The purpose of our research was to develop a DNA diagnostic method for anaplasmosis in cattle. Materials and methods: Blood samples were obtained from the tail vein with the use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as an anticoagulant. The extraction of DNA was performed with the kit Sorb-M. To analyze the gene msp4 the following sequences belonging to different isolates Anaplasma marginale were used. To select primers the conserved elements of sequences were detected with the server СlustalW2. The specificity of primers was checked by a BLASTN search. The results of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were estimated using 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis was performed within 40 minutes at the field intensity 5 V/cm. Fragments of gene msp4 obtained as a results of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were purified, ligated and cloned in E. coli cells. Transformation was performed using the heat shock method. Search for E. coli colonies containing pGEM-msp4 plasmid was conducted by the PCR method using standard M13 primers with the following analysis of PCR results by electrophoresis. Target colonies of E. coli were cultured overnight at 37 °С in 2 ml LB medium containing ampicillin in a 100 mcg /ml concentration. Sequencing of received plasmids pGEM-msp4 was carried out by Sanger method and the genetic analyzer Applied Biosystems 3130.  Results and discussion: Development and approbation of primers on the basis of the MSP4 gene of Anaplasma marginale to perform DNA diagnostics of anaplasmosis in cattle by PCR method were described. Due to PCR sensitivity along with the use of primers, it is possible to identify 100 and more gene copies. The

Abstract Objective of research: a study of biochemical blood values of herring gulls infected by Tetrabothrius erostris. Materials and methods: Blood plasma of adult individuals and 4 weeks old nestlings of herring gulls was used for biochemical analysis. To determine the data of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and mineral metabolism the bird blood was examined by different research methods. The intensity of invasion by T. erostris cestodes was detected in parasitological examination. Results and discussion: It was found that the minor changes occur in the bird’s blood biochemistry at a low intensity of T. erostris invasion. At the same time, we registered the significant metabolic changes in adult gulls infected with T. erostris in comparison to the metabolic data of non-infected birds. The data of protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in blood of adult gulls change depending on the intensity of invasion by T. erostris.

A method for releasing of larvae Toxocara canis from liver and lung parenchyma of carnivores for post-mortem diagnostics of toxocarosis under light invasion and in prepatent period has been suggested. The received culture of larvae T. Canis can be used to study disease pathogenesis, conduct genetic research and obtain proteins with diagnostic and protecting properties. A list of equipment, reagents and solutions for releasing of larvae T. canis is presented. Course of work including preparation of liver and lungs samples, gastric juice, digestion of tissue samples, results estimation, concentration of larvae T. canis has been described. Samples of liver and lung parenchyma of mass 50 g are being obtained and grinded in a meat mincer. Samples are being digested within 50 min under the temperature 41-42 оС by permanent stirring.  After 10 minutes of settling the sediment is being poured into Petri dishes and investigated for presence of larvae T. canis and their mobility. For material concentration the sediment is being centrifuged 10 min at 5000 rpm.

The purpose of research - the search of new, economical and safe ways small ruminant’s group deworming witch based on water-soluble drugs with wide spectrum. Materials and methods. The material for the research of the experiment groups were watersoluble formes of 4 anthelmintic: Brovermektin 2% Brovalzen-emulsion, Kombitrem-emulsion, Rafenzol-emulsion. For the control group we have used drugs comparison: Brovermektin 1% Brovermektin-granulate and Brontel-plus. All of them were developing by "Brovafarma", Ukraine and officially have registered in Azerbaijan. For three experimental series we have used 350 sheep and 23 goats. These animals were spontaneously invasion by helminthes. The effect of deworming we have set by special method. Results and discussion. In the first series of experiments determined that the two dosage forms under Ivermectin for oral administration have provided efficacy against sheep’s nematodosis at the  level of injection analogue (100%). In the second series three anthelmintic that were given with water cleared experimental animals fro moniesyis: 100% - Rafenzol; I.I. – 93,3% and E.I. – 95,6% - Kombitrem; I.I. – 86,7% and E.I. – 91,5% - Brovalzen. In the third group Rafenzol’s commission drug also provided 100% effective in sheep’s and goats’ deworming. In case of experimentally improved high efficiency of pharmacotherapy, we have justified the use of dosage forms for a group of water-soluble anthelmintic in sheep’s and goats’ deworming. in a distant-grazing.

Objective of research: to study the effect of the anthelmintic Mitranox on hematological and biochemical values in the blood of rats. Materials and methods: The experiment was conducted on 40 outbreed male rats divided into 4 groups of 10 rats each. Rats of the first three groups received the drug suspended in 1% starch gel per orally at the doses of 1/5, 1/10 and 1/20 of LD50 (830,4 mg/kg), respectively. Animals of the forth group did not receive the preparation and served as controls. The drug suspension was given to animals daily within 7 days. Animals were slaughtered by resection of jugular vein with the following resection of cervical vertebras. Blood and internal organs of animals were studied according to the standard methods. Results and discussion: When used within 7 days, Mitranox at the doses of 1/5 and 1/10 of LD50 caused the increase in total protein, glucose level, concentration of uric acid in serum, activity of aspartate and alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. All this indicated that the drug has a hepatotoxic effect on rats causing the suppression of humoral components of the non-specific immunity. Mitranox at the dose of 1/5 of LD50 has a negative effect on animal pancreas increasing its enzymatic activity.

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are one of the most important plant parasitic nematodes of great economic importance which reduce the quantity and the quality of the yields of many cultivated and wild plants everywhere (in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions). The objectives of the study were to investigate the changes in the Meloidogyne arenaria and its host Tiny Tim tomato plant under radiation influence The influence of various doses of γ-irradiation (90, 700 and 1800 mGy) on cv. Tiny Tim tomato plants and developing eggs sacs of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne arenaria were investigated. Ionizing radiations of tomato seeds by low dose (90 mGy) stimulate development of plants. High doses of γ-irradiation (700 and 1800 mGy) suppress development (height, root and shoot weight) of tomato plants. High irradiation doses (700 and 1800 mGy) retarded the growth of nematodes. Metric characteristics of M. arenaria females, mainly body size, were smaller. The highest experimental dose (1800 mGy) prevented the development of females of M. arenaria (J4) to mature forms. A change of female to male ratio under the influence of γ- ionizing radiation has been observed, resulting in a decrease in males. These results show aspects for future research into the application of γ-irradiation in management of root-knot nematodes

The comprehensive data on the prevalence of chicken eimeriosis in farms and private holdings, types of causative agents, epizootological features, diagnostic methods, and struggle  measures with the use of modern preparations are presented. The extensive analysis of economic significance of eimeriosis for poultry farms is provided. Virulent Eimeria species are presented. By 60 days of age, 78,3 % of free range chickens were infected by Eimeria, 63,8 % of which were heavily infected. In 72,7 % of cases chicken eimeriosis occurred in the form of mixed infection with Ascarididae, Heterakis and/or Capillaria. Data on the infection focus and diagnostic methods are provided. The list of anti-eimeriosis remedies from different chemical groups with a schedule of their alternation for prevention of development of resistant strains of Eimeria is created. Measures for prevention of chicken eimeriosis, and remedies for disinvasion of premises are proposed.