Objective of research: conducting morphological and molecular-genetic identification and studying phylogenetic relations between protostrongylids. Materials and methods:  helminthological material was  collected from  wild  (Capra sibirica, C. falconeri, Ovis vignei and O. ammon) and domestic hollow horned  ruminants (C. hircus and O. aries), and land mollusks of the family Xeropicta in the piedmont and mountain area of Uzbekisan. The morphology of protostrongylids was studied using the  methods of Boev (1975) and Anderson (1978). To identify the nematode type we used temporary preparations treated with glycerol. The first-stage larvae were investigated by examination of fecal samples from animals taking  into account the length, tail form and body size. To study the morphology of  the third-stage protostrongylid larvae  the feet of infected  mollusks  Xeropicta candaсharica were separated and placed into the artificial gastric juice where the cap was destroyed and the infected larvae were eliminated. After determination of species belonging of mature and larval nematodes the material was stored in separate test-tubes with distilled water under the low temperature (- 20 ºС) or in 70 % Ethanol for the molecular analysis. We used microscopes ML 2000 with a digital camera and Olympus CX3. DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing were performed with an automated sequencer. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the software Clustal X 2.0. Phylogenetic trees were created by the Neighbor–Joining method. Nucleotide sequences ITS-2 regions of species Protostrongylus rufescens  (EU018485), P. shiozawai  (AB478249),  Ortostrongylus macrotis  (EU018483),  Cystocaulus ocreatus  (EU018481) and Umingmakstrongylus pallikuukensis  (AY648409) received from the NCBI GenBank  were used in phylogenetic analysis.  Results and discussion:  Four species of adult protostrongylid nematodes: Protostrongylus rufescens, P. hobmaieri, Spiculocaulus leuckarti and Cystocaulus ocreatus were determined. DNA from four species of mature protostrongylids and larvae was amplified  by using  ITS-2 regions. Amplificate dimension of nematodes P. rufescens and P. hobmaieri was 380 base pairs (b.p.), S. leuckarti   – 388, C. ocreatus – 399 b.p. According to the  results of phylogenetic analysis and comparison of nucleotide sequences, five protostrongylid  species were found  in animals of the Caprinae subfamily:  P.  rufescens, P.  hobmaieri, Protostrongylus sp., S.  leuckarti  and  C.  ocreatus.  The morphological and molecular-genetic analysis  of detected nematodes enables the precise identification.  

Gongulema caucasica is the most common nematode species of passerine birds on the territory of Kabardino-Balkarian State High-Mountain Reserve  which  may cause the infestation of chicken with gongulemosis in this region.  Materials and methods: Wild and synanthropic birds  on the territory of Kabardino-Balkarian State High-Mountain Reserve  were examined for  presence of  helminths. 71  carcasses of wild and synanthropic birds were collected in the period 2011–2014.  Results and discussion: As a result of  the post-mortem helminthological examination of organs and tissues of wild and synanthropic birds  the nematodes Gongulema caucasica have been detected in 6 birds of 7 species of passerine birds (common wheatear, tree sparrow, linnet, bullfinch, whinchat, wagtail, chaffinch)  living on the territory of  Kabardino-Balkaria  State High-Mountain Reserve.  Nematodes Gongulema caucasica can be mainly localized in esophagus and rarely in forestomach. 

According to the results of a long-term research conducted by the staff of the Laboratory of Parasitology at FSBSI Yakut Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture (Reshetnikov A.D. et al.)   a database of epizootic monitoring for parasitic diseases in farm and wild animals, humans and fish of Yakutia has been created.  The a.m. database is a set of independent materials collected in different years for  the purpose of  doctoral, master, postgraduate research as well as for the Research and Development plan of Yakut Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture (2000–2010).  

Objective  of research:    to  perform the analysis  of  dynamics  of bird notocotylidosis  foci in the ecosystem of Lake Chany in Western Siberia in the last 80 years.  Materials and methods: Helminthological examinations of snails of the family Bithyniidae and birds were conducted in the basin of Lake Chany in 1996–2013. The intestines of 172 birds belonging to 17 species were examined using the method of incomplete helminthological autopsy. The collection of snails of the family Bithyniidae was carried out manually in the summer season. All together 9 000 examples of snails belonging to Bithynia tentaculata and B. troscheli were collected. The infestation rate for cercariae in the snails was detected by the compressor method with the following calculation of extensity and intensity of infection and the index of abundance.  Results and discussion:    Marites of trematodes of the family Notocotylidae were registered in 7 of 17 species.  Different  rate of  infestation  by the  family Notocotylidae  of  various bird species was determined. The extensity of infection was in baldicoot  - 70,5 %, mallard  - 57,1, garganey  - 42,8, red headed duck - 54,5 % by the intensity of infection 35,6; 8,0; 19,3 and 5,5 examples, respectively.  During scientific  investigation about birds in the area of Lake Chany  in 1934–1938 notocotylides were found in 15 of 90 bird species. The analysis of dynamics of bird notocotylidosis in the ecosystem of Lake Chany (Western Siberia) in the last 80 years revealed that the bird infestation had increased from 23 % in the 30s of the last century up to 31 % in the 70s, and up to  60 % in our today's research. In the last 80 years 22 bird species served as primary hosts. The detection of marites  of the  family Notocotylidae  by different scientists  in all  the  years of research and the annual presence of parthenitas in snails of the  family Bithyniidae  indicates on the constant  focus of notocotylidosis  in the ecosystem of  Lake Chany. The infestation of semi-aquatic birds has been increased more than twice in the last years.  

Objective of research:  analysis of epizootic situation on protozoan blood parasitic diseases in domestic and wild animals on the territory of Russian Federation Materials and methods:  Veterinary reporting forms, sources of literature. Results and discussion:  The data on epizootic situation related to protozoan blood parasitic diseases in animals on the territory of  RF have been obtained and analyzed in this article. It was determined that for a proper evaluation of epizootic situation it is necessary to combine the activities of scientific-research institutes and veterinary services for the purpose of development of monitoring based on recommendations of the International Epizootic Bureau (IEB).  

Objective of research:  The pork and beef tapeworm infestation is characterized by the  increase of single-strand breaks,  alkali-labile sites in nuclear DNA of bone marrow cells of golden hamsters. A triple subdermal sensibilisation with protein somatic products from the  tissue of Taenia solium or Taeniarinchus saginatus is accompanied by a genotoxic effect in somatic bone marrow cells and generative cells in mouse seminal vesicles. It is manifested by increased single-strand breaks and alkali-labile sites in a nuclear DNA. The increase of damage of nuclear DNA depends on the dose of protein somatic products from the tissue of T. saginatus, it authentically grows up when a higher dose is used. Protein somatic products from the tissue of T. solium  or  T. saginatus  at  subdermal sensibilisation have  a cytotoxic effect manifested  in growth  of apoptotic cells in bone marrow and seminal vesicles. Materials and methods.  To study the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects in genome of mammals at taenia  infection and at  triple subdermal  sensibilisation with protein somatic products from the tissue of T. solium or T. saginatus the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis by Singh et al., modified by  Hellman et al. (comet) assay is used for investigation of  bone marrow and seminal vesicles. Results and discussion. The values of the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet)  assay of bone marrow and seminal vesicles at T. solium or T. saginatus infection in golden hamsters were determined on 45th day of infestation.  

Objective of research: studying of pathomorphological changes in the  respiratory organs of elk with dictyocaulosis.  Materials and methods:    A helminthological autopsy of the elk spontaneously infected with Dictyocaulus eckerti was performed. The infected pieces of lung located close to the edge of the healthy tissue were used for histological examination. The material has been preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution.  Paraffin histological sections having the 5–7 mkm thickness were produced according to the standard methods. The sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The photomicrography was made with the camera  «Digital» on microscope «Genaval».  Results and discussion:  In lungs of the elk infected with  D. eckerti,  the  essential structural changes were detected. D. eckerti larvae were found in granulomas in the lumens of small and medium-sized bronchi. The pathohistological examination of lungs of the young elk allowed to detect multiple parasitic granulomas, hyperthermic and hemorrhagic foci. In places of parasite localization the lung interstitial tissue becomes thickened due to the infiltration by lymphoid, eosinophilic cells, single  neutrophils  and  histiocytes as well as due to the growth of connective tissue.  

Objective of research:  studies of efficacy of levamisole used against philometroidosis in carp in laboratory conditions.  Materials and methods:   Experiments were conducted on scaly carps with the body mass 300 g. spontaneously infected with  Philometra lusiana.  In carp the clinical signs of  philometroidosis have been detected. The intensity of infection before the experiment was 10–20 parasites/fish.  Carps were divided into 6 groups by  10  fish in each group.   Levamisole was  injected through the catheter to fishes of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 group at the doses of 100, 50, 25, 15 and 5 mg/kg, respectively with the use of 2% starch gel.  Fish of the 6th group did not receive the preparation and served as controls.  The efficacy of preparation was evaluated  7 days later by most-mortem examination to determine females  Ph. lusiana  in the scale pockets and males between  the air  bladder walls.  Scrapes from the air bladder walls were investigated under a microscope at the 56 times magnification; the intensity and extensity of invasion were determined.  Results and discussion: Levamisole is highly effective against philometroidosis in carp. The drug used at the dose 100–15 mg/kg causes death of females and males Ph. lusiana. Levamisole  at the dose 5 mg/kg   is not effective,  at the dose 100 mg/kg may reduce the feeding activity in fish.

The two most significant strains of human malaria parasites responsible for morbidity and mortality are  Plasmodium falciparum  and  P. vivax. One issue, which further compounds treatment of these pathogens, is one of drug resistance. Drug resistance often emerges from key mutations selected for by inadequate treatment regimes and has shown to be able to spread globally, further compounding the development of newer and more effective drug treatment programs, such as those from the World Health Organisation (WHO). Here we review the historical usage of anti-malarial drugs, the development of resistance in Africa and Asia, mechanisms of drug action and resistance, and the effects of resistance on WHO policy. 

Objective of research:   to study the efficacy of new broad spectrum anthelmintic drugs for tre ating main helminthosis in cattle.  Materials and methods: 4 experiments were conducted to test the anthelmintic drugs used against helminthosis in cattle in conditions of Vologda region. In the fist experiment were involved 125 animals with fasciolosis divided into different groups by 25 animals in each group which  got the single doses of: fascocide at a dose of 10 mg/kg, helmicide  -  5,25 mg/kg according to the active  ingredient, albendazole - 15 mg/kg, fezol - 14 mg/kg, alben - 10 mg/kg  The efficacy of preparations was  registered according to the results of coproovoscopy before and 45 days after dehelmintization. The second experiment was performed at paramphistomosis  in cattle with the use of the same preparations. In the 3, 4 and 5 experiments we used the same preparations at moniesiosis,  strongylatozis of the digestive tract and dictyocaulosis in young cattle, respectively.  Results and discussion:   at fasciolosis of cattle  the drug efficacy was: for fascocide and  helmicide -  100 %,  fezol  - 92,  alben  - 76 %,  at   paramphistomosis   100 %, 84, 80  and 68 %, respectively. The drug efficacy at cattle moniesiosis was: of helmicide and fezol  - 100 %,   alben  - 92 %, and at gastro-intestinal strongylatozis: of  fezol-   100 %, helmicide  - 92 and alben  - 84 %. At dictyocaulosis the efficacy was:  of helmicide - 88 %, fezol – 92 and alben - 80 %. 

Objective of research: elaboration of effective and energy-efficiency methods for the decontamination of fishes of the larvae of Opisthorchis both in industrial and domestic environment.  Materials and methods:  In  the experiment we  used orfes  (nerflings)  spontaneously infected with Opisthorchis felineus  metacercariae.  Vacuum treatment, electrodynamic shock vibration,  ultrasonic irradiation, and microwave radiation were used for treatment of fish infected with opisthorchids.  O. felineus metacercariae were identified by artificial digestion method. The viability of metacercariae was determined according to  the  preservation of morphological structure of  metacercariae, their mobility, excystation of larvae using the trypsin-bile salt excystation method (experimental infestation of golden hamster and white outbreed mice).  Results and discussion:   In was determined  that O. felineus metacercariae are resistant to vacuum, electrodynamic shock vibration and ultrasound mostly due to the structure of their capsule. Even when using the microwave we can observe  the total decontamination of fish  of Opisthorchis metacercariae.  

The drug Panaverm plus administered at the doses of 10,0; 15,0; 25,0; 35,0 and 45,0 mg/kg body weight (by 4.5 times increased dose) showed no embryotropic activity. Panaverm plus used at the dose of 55,0 mg / kg body weight did not cause changes in the development  of embryos, except  one case of hydrocephaly and reduction of embryo weight. Objective of research: studies of the embryotropic properties of preparation Panaverm plus. Materials and methods: The  studies of embryotropic properties of  preparation  Panaverm plus were conducted on 40 outbreed white female rats with weight 200-250 g. in accordance with «Methodical recommendations  for estimation  of drug effects on reproductive function of animals»  approved by Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation (1997). Results and conclusion: Panaverm plus administered at the doses of 10,0; 15,0; 25,0; 35,0 and 45,0 mg/kg body weight (by 4.5 times increased dose) showed no embryotropic activity. Panaverm plus used at the dose of 55,0 mg / kg body weight did not cause changes in the development of embryos, except one case of hydrocephaly and reduction of embryo weight. 

Objective of research:  Determination of possible immunotoxic properties of Aversect  Forte (Ivermectin + Abamectin) and Aversect Combi (Ivermectin + Aversectin С). Materials and methods: The immunotoxic properties  of Aversect Forte and Aversect Combi were studied using the agglutination test and delayed hypersensitivity response. Mice were injected subcutaneously twice daily with  the drug  at a therapeutic dose 0,05 ml/ind.  In each experimental group, there were 7–10 mice of the line СВА × С57BL/6 with the mass of 18–20 g.  The control group received solvent injections.   The effect of  the drugs on antibody formation was determined by hemagglutination  reaction on  the background of immunization of mice with sheep erythrocytes.   Agglutinin titres were detected by a direct micro-hemagglutination test along with the calculation of Reaction Index. The effect of drugs on the T-cell immunity in vivo  was  estimated using the  delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to sheep erythrocytes.    Mice were immunized with the 3% suspension of sheep erythrocytes injected into the abdomen simultaneously with the recent injection of the tested drug. Results and discussion:  The administration of tested drugs didn’t have a suppressive effect on serogenesis in mice from experimental groups – 7,7±0,21 and  7,4±0,22 (log2) in comparison to the controls – 8,0±0,0 (log2); Reaction Index was 0,96–0,93, respectively. The administration of Aversect Forte  may cause a slight decrease in induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in mice in comparison with the controls: 7,10±0,57  and 10,71±1,95 %, respectively. Regardless of slight decrease in inflammation index (up to 9,07±2,51 %), when using Aversect Combi at the therapeutic dose, this difference is uncertain statistically in relation to the control values. 

Objective of research:  study of pharmacokinetics of Aversectin С1 and Praziquantel in blood plasma of dogs after a single subcutaneous injection of Avertel. Materials and methods:  experiments were conducted on 3 dogs which received Avertel shots in the neck area at a therapeutic dose 0,5 mg/kg of Aversectin C1 and 5 mg/kg of Praziquantel. Blood was collected from the forearm vein into heparin test-tubes at 0; 0,5; 1; 2; 3; 6; 9; 12; 24; 36; 48 and 72 hr. Analysis of dog blood for  Aversectin  C1  (according  to  the total Avermectins  В1аand  В2а)  was performed by the method of high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection;  the sensitivity of the method was  0,001  mg/l.    Praziquantel was identified by the same method using the ultraviolet detection. For evaluation of the pharmacokinetic properties, the model-independent analysis «M-IND» was applied which enables to perform the primary processing of data «drug concentration  – time» and calculate the system parameters of drugs by the method of moments. Results and discussion: Aversectin   С1 was detected in blood 0,5hr after Avertel injection. Further,  the drug  concentration in blood  has increased; at 24th  hour,  the highest level of drug was determined; then the drug concentration went down. Aversectine С1 was also found in dog blood 72 hours after  the Avertel injection.  Praziquantel was identified 0,5hr  after its  injection, and 1hr  later its highest concentration  has been  registered. 72 hours later the drug wasn’t found in dog blood.  The highest concentration of Aversectin С1 in blood was 13,4 ng/ml, and it was being eliminated 12 times slower  than Praziquantel.  The elimination half-life of Aversectin С1 was 100,1 hrs. and the average residence time of the drug in the body -153,08 hrs. 

High efficiency of mixture of two bacterial strains Serratia plymuthica and Bacillus  subtilis was shown against development of Rhizoctonia solani on plants of salad variety Leny  (Nunhems). Survival, biomass of plants, and number  of affected plants and leaves were analyzed in the experiment. Efficiency of application of a preparation of mixture bacterial strains was comparable with the chemical preparation Monceren L recommended for suppression of this disease caused Rhizoctonia solani. 

Data on coccidiosis of pigs in factory farms are provided. Piglets aged 7–30 days are  infected more often with  isosporiasis,  and suffer from this disease; piglets up to two months  – with eimeriosis. On the average, 24,3 % of pigs are infected with eimeriosis, 15,1  –  with  isosporiasis, and 32,4 %  –  with balantidiasis. Causative agents of this disease are  nine  types of  coccidia. The diagnosis for coccidiosis is made according to the results of  fecal examination by Fullenborn, Darling or McMaxter methods.  In treatment of pigs  the following drugs are administered: Amprolium and its premixes during 1–2 months at the dose 0,005 % of feed mass  as equivalent to the active ingredient; Nifuline  –  5 g/10 kg of feed mass during 5–7 days; chlortetracycline hydrochloride  – 10 mg/kg during 3–5 days; Sulfadimezinum  – 5 g per animal along with zoalene (0,03 g/kg) or biovetine (0,06 g/kg) 2 times daily during 4–5 days; Chimcoccid 20 mg/kg   during 4–5 days;   Chimcoccid-7 – 420 mg/kg; Pharmcoccid – 25 mg/kg; Chiniofonum – 40 mg/kg; Trichopol – 15 mg/kg   2  times daily during 3–4 days;  Rigedazole granulate  25% –1 g per 10 kg of feed mass;  Biofuzolum – 125 mg/kg; Salinopharm – 60–30 mg/kg 2–3 times daily to improve the clinical status and stop oocysts releasing.   For preventive purposes we use Salinomycin 12 %  calculated as 330 g per 1 tonne  of feed for  piglets 120 days of age. Mechanical cleaning of premises is conducted.  7%-solution of ammonia, warm 10  % solution of  iodine monochloride,  warm 10  % emulsion of ksilonaft, 2 % water emulsion of  technical ortophenum, hot 4–5 % alkali solution (not less than 80 °C) are used for disinvasion. The solutions should be applied once at 3 hour exposure (1 liter per 1 m2 of hard surface and 2–3 l of normal surface). In the chemoprophylaxis of eimeriosis  it is recommended to give  the piglets  in first month of life along with  the feed: Chimcoccid-7 1 time daily within 6–7 days at the dose of 210 mg/kg; Trichopol – 10 mg/kg; Pharmcoccid – 15 mg/kg; Chiniophone – 40 mg/kg or Toltrazurilum  at the dose of 30–50 mg/kg on 3–5 days of piglets' life.