The purpose of the research is the morphological and molecular identification of trematodes found in the intestines of migratory waterfowl with subsequent taxonomic evaluation.
Materials and methods. Mature specimens of trematodes were collected from the intestines of waterfowl (Fulica atra and Aythya ferina) shot during the ecological-faunistic monitoring in the southern part of the Primorsky krai. Preliminary morphological analyze revealed that trematodes belong to the Echinostomatidae family. The whole-mounts of worms from F. atra were prepared using standard methods with alum carmine. Divergent domains of 28S ribosomal RNA gene were sequenced and used to determine systematic position and relationships of discovered species of echinostome by reconstructing Bayesian and Maximum likelihood trees.
Results and discussion. Trematodes found in the coots' intestine, should be described as Neomoliniella longicorpa in the new genus Neomoliniella gen. et sp. nov., which is reliably confirmed by morphological and genetics data. Another cryptic echinostomatid species sister to Neomoliniella gen. nov., and probably representing the separate unknown genus, was demonstrated only on the phylogenetic reconstructions and confirmed by large genetic distances. Currently, this taxon is indicated as Echinostomatidae gen. sp. and more evidence is needed for its validation. We also report about the first detection of Echinostoma paraulum from A. ferina in the south of the Russian Far East. The biology, morphology of each life cycle stage of newly described species of worms should be investigated to test not only their scientific but also medical significance. For the first time in the history of the group, dichotomous keys for eight families of the superfamily
Echinostomatoidea and, to date, the largest of all previously known for the family Echinostomatidae identification chart – dichotomous keys for the identification of 27 Palearctic genera were compiled.

The purpose of the research is to study the infection of diurnal birds of prey of the order Falconiformes with helminths and to determine the helminth species composition by the example of the Noyev Kovcheg Conservation Nature’s Nursery in the Altai Territory.
Materials and methods. We studied diurnal birds of prey of the order Falconiformes for helminthosis in the Altai Territory, in the Noyev Kovcheg Conservation Nature’s Nursery, in 2022. For the parasitological study of birds, we used laboratory methods of helminthocoprological studies: helminthoovoscopy and helminthoscopy. Species identification was determined by characteristic morphological features of helminth eggs, larvae and fragments. To assess the infeсtion with certain types of helminths, we used standard indicators for parasitological research, namely, infection prevalence and infection intensity amplitude.
Results and discussion. In 58 studied diurnal birds of prey of the order Falconiformes, 8 helminth species were identified of which 6 nematode species, namely, Ascaridia galli, Tetrameres sobolevi, Capillaria caudinflata, Heterakis gallinarum, Trichostrongylus spp., and Singamus trachea; 1 trematode species, Strigea spp.; and 1 cestode species, Raillietina echinobothrida. These species occurred throughout all seasons of 2022.

The purpose of the research is to study the fauna of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in the European part of the Russian Federation.
Materials and methods. The studies were carried out in 2022–2023. The objects for the study were the sets of the gastrointestinal tracts of sheep aged from one to 2.5 years, delivered to the slaughterhouse in the Moscow region from different regions of the Russian Federation, including the Oryol and the Astrakhan regions, the Republic of Dagestan and Stavropol Krai. After slaughter, 10 sets of gastrointestinal tracts were taken by the random sampling method from each batch of delivered sheep. Then, these sets of gastrointestinal tracts were subjected to helminthological necropsy according to the method of K. I. Skryabin (1928). The species of detected nematodes were identified according to K. I. Skryabin et al. (1952) and V. M. Ivashkin et al. (1989).
Results and discussion. A different degree of gastrointestinal nematodes infection of sheep has been established in different regions of the European part of the Russian Federation. Thus, the rate of infection in the Oryol region was 80%, in the Astrakhan region – 100%, in the Republic of Dagestan – 100% and in Stavropol Krai – 50%. Sheep were infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Teladorsagia circumcincta with an intensity of infection, on average, 251.86±25.2 and 99.25±9.9 ex./head respectively in the Oryol region; T. colubriformis (242.65±24.3 ex./head), T. circumcincta (76.6±7.7 ex./head.), Haemonchus contortus (6.5±0.7 ex./head) and Marshallagia marshalli (19±1.9 ex./head) in the Astrakhan region; T. colubriformis (89.7±9 ex./head), T. circumcincta (43.6±4.4 ex./head), H. contortus (6.8±0.7 ex./head) and M. marshalli (17.8±1.8 ex./head) in the Republic of Dagestan; T. colubriformis (20.2±2 ex./head) and T. circumcincta (11±1.1 ex./head) in Stavropol Krai. Thus, T. colubriformis and T. circumcincta were the most frequently found nematodes in sheep in all of the four studied regions, and these two species also showed the highest rates of infection. The noted low species diversity of nematodes is obviously associated with the mandatory use of anthelmintic drugs. The studied sheep were treated against parasites (according to the accompanying veterinary documentation). At the same time, the detection of nematodes in treated animals possibly indicates the presence of resistant strains.

The purpose of the research is to analyze literature data on epizootology, morphology and biology of Thelazia callipaeda, and on clinical signs of thelaziosis.
Thelaziosis caused by Th. callipaeda is widespread and not limited to Southeast Asian countries. At the end of the last century, autochtonous infection cases of thelaziosis were noted in Italy, and later the disease was recorded in France, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, Belgium, Portugal, Romania, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Slovakia, Serbia, Turkey, Hungary, Moldova, Austria, Czech Republic, Poland, etc. Cases of thelaziosis recorded in the United States of America and the Russian Federation were most likely allochthonous and imported from contaminated areas. In Russia, canine thelaziosis was recorded in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Tyumen. It was found that definitive hosts of Th. callipaeda were not only cats, dogs or humans, but also many species of wild animals, namely, gray wolf, red fox, pine marten, hare, wild cat, Iberian wolf, European grey rabbit, beech marten, pine marten, golden jackal, European badger and brown bear. The prevalence of Thelazia infection among populations of wild animals reached 38.1%. The maximum number of helminths found in one animal was 96 specimens. In the life cycle of Th. callipaeda, males of the fruit fly Phortica variegata and Ph. okadai, which can keep Thelazia larvae in their bodies for up to 180 days are involved. Phylogenetic analysis of the cox1 gene showed that Th. callipaeda isolated from diseased animals in different countries belonged to haplotype-1, which was common in Europe.

The purpose of the research is the study of the current situation on ectoparasite infections in dogs in Moscow considering the season of the year.
Materials and methods. The current situation on ectoparasitosis in dogs in Moscow was studied on the basis of the VNIIP – FSC VIEV and OOO GLOBALVET CLINIC (Moscow) in 2020–2022. Ninety-four dogs were examined in different seasons of the year. When examining the animals, attention was paid to pelage and skin damage. The history was taken with the animal sex, age, and pelage and skin state taken into account; the ears were examined; the pelage was combed out using a magnifying glass; ear contents were microscopically examined; and scrapings of the superficial and deep layers of the skin were made. The results were statistically processed using Microsoft Excel.
Results and discussion. The infection of the dogs with Demodex canis was the highest possible in the autumn-winter period (7.4%), and in spring and summer it decreased to 5.3 and 4.2%, respectively. Ixodes ricinus ticks were only found on the skin and pelage of the dogs (18%) in the warm season. No significant difference was observed in the infection of the dogs with Otodectes cynotis, Sarcoptes canis and Cheyletiella jascuri in different seasons of the year. The seasonal dynamics of the infection of the dogs with different species of insects varied. Fleas were found in winter in 6.4% of the dogs, and in spring and summer in 8.5% and 10.6% of the dogs, respectively. The infection of the dogs with lice was 3.2% in winter, 4.2% in spring, 5.3% in summer and 6.4% in autumn. The maximum infection of dogs with lice was observed in summer (4.2%), and it decreased in winter to 2.1%.

The purpose of the research is to study of infection of white foxes (Alopex lagopus) with alveococcosis in the Arctic zone of Yakutia and to perform molecular genetic study of Alveococcus multilocularis.
Materials and methods. To determine the Alveococcus infection in the Arctic fox in the Arctic zone of Yakutia, 19 specimens were studied in 2018, 27 specimens in 2019, 51 specimens in 2020 and 119 specimens in 2021 by complete and partial dissections of the gastrointestinal tract, other organs and tissues. The species identification of detected helminths was performed using the Identification Guide of Helminths in Carnivorous Mammals in the USSR (D. P. Kozlov, 1977). The collected helminths were fixed in 70% alcohol. Nineteen samples were studied by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine A. multilocularis isolates.
Results and discussion. In the Russian Federation, A. multilocularis is widespread in Yakutia, Chukotka, Magadan Region, Krasnoyarsk, Altai, and Khabarovsk Territories, and other regions. In the Arctic zone, Arctic foxes are 100% infected with A. multilocularis. The parasite circulates among wild animals, mainly polar foxes and Arctic lemmings (Dicrostonyx torquatus Pallas, 1778). Agricultural and wild ungulates become infected by ingesting parasite eggs, and dogs become infected by eating organs and tissues affected by multilocular alveococcosis. There is a risk of transmission of A. multilocularis to humans. A person becomes infected in processing the skins of arctic foxes obtained in hunting, and through contact with infected domestic carnivores. An increase in white fox populations and in their infection rate including A. multilocularis was found in the tundra zone. In the Arctic zone of Yakutia, A. multilocularis form that was close to the North American N1 strain was found.

The purpose of the research is the analysis of the epizootic situation on bovine hypodermatosis in the Russian Federation for 2020–2021.
Materials and methods. Veterinary reporting data in the form 1-VET-G were processed and analyzed on the basis of the Center of Veterinary Medicine. The data processing took into account the following indicators: available cattle in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation at the beginning of the reporting period, the number and percentage of cattle examined for hypodermatosis, and the percentage ratio of animals affected by warble fly larvae to the total number of livestock.
Results and discussion. The number of animals affected by warble fly larvae was 1299 in 2020, and 1184 in 2021, which was 0.008% for 2020 and 0.007% for 2021 as a percentage of the existing animal population.

The purpose of the research is to determine infection rate and oocyst isolation degree followed by identification of taxa of Cryptosporidium species in piglets of different age groups using the latest molecular genetic methods, on private farms in the Vologda Region of the North-Western Federal District of the Russian Federation.
Materials and methods. These studies were performed in the Russian Federation for the first time. The research was performed on private pig farms located in the Vologda Region of the North-Western Federal District of the Russian Federation from January to September 2022. Feces were taken from piglets of different age groups, namely, sucklings under the age of 1 month, weaners (1–3 months), feeder pigs (4 months and older), as well as from milking sows. Age groups were formed taking into consideration technological parameters of keeping animals on farms. Using microscopic research methods, “positive” samples were detected in which Cryptosporidium oocysts were found, and the number of oocysts was determined. Subsequently, the samples were studied using the equipment of the resource center «Genomic Technologies, Proteomics and Cell Biology» of ARRIAM. Cryptosporidium species were identified in samples of animal feces using high-throughput sequencing of 18S rRNA gene fragment amplicon libraries as obtained by nested PCR.
Results and discussion. Cryptosporidium species were identified in each studied age group both in the animal’s presenting indigestion and the animals without any clinical sign of the disease. The average cryptosporidium infection rate was 32.4% in the animals on private farms. The most infected with cryptosporidium oocysts were feeder pigs aged 4–6 months (72%). As a result of sequencing of 18S rRNA gene fragment amplicon libraries obtained using selected primers and subsequent taxonomic analysis of the resulting nucleotide sequences, it was shown that only representatives of the Cryptosporidium scrofarum species were present in all the studied samples.

The purpose of the research is the study of effects of experimental Trichinella spiralis infection in rats and mice on hematological and biochemical blood parameters of the host at different infection stages.
Materials and methods. The experiment was performed on mature outbred male rats and male mice that were infected by T. spiralis larvae orally administered at the rate of 10 larvae/1 g of body weight. Blood samples were taken from the rats at 40 days and 3 months after infection; from the mice, on day 40 after infection. The main parameters of peripheral blood in the rats were determined by a MicroCC-20 Plus hematological analyzer (High Technology, Inc. (USA)) using reagents from Clinical Diagnostic Solutions, LLC (Russia). Biochemical blood parameters in the rats and mice were determined by a Clima MC-15 analyzer, RAL Technical el Laboratoria, S.A. (Spain) using reagents produced by Diakon-DS, CJSC (Russia).
Results and discussion. At 40 days and 3 months after the rats were experimentally infected with T. spiralis, we observed a consistent increase in the hemoglobin concentration, erythrocytes and leukocytes, and hematocrit, and a decrease in the alkaline phosphatase activity and ALT, and an increase in total protein. On day 40 after infection in the mice, an increase in total protein was observed as in the rats, and a decrease in blood urea. The changes detected in hematological and biochemical parameters in the rats and mice were associated with the toxic effect of Trichinella infection and the response of the host organism. Such changes are dependent on the infection stage and animal species.

The purpose of the research is to determine the species composition of nematodes from the suborder Strongylata and to study organoleptic and physical and chemical parameters of the Nubian goats’ milk at strongylatoses of the digestive tract.
Materials and methods. The study subjects were lactating Nubian goats aged 3 to 5 years from private farms in the Moscow Region. A total of 37 animals were examined. Faeces were studied by flotation methods per Fülleborn and KotelnikovKhrenov. To determine the species composition, partial helminthological dissections per K. I. Skryabin were used. In the infected animals from the experimental and control groups, organoleptic and physical and chemical milk parameters were studied prior to and after therapeutic measures using an anthelmintic with the active ingredient fenbendazole at a dose of 5 mg/kg. The deworming effectiveness was determined by the control test. Physical and chemical milk parameters were determined using an automatic Klever-2 milk analyzer, and organoleptic parameters were determined according to common methods pursuant to the effective GOST.
Results and discussion. The lactating Nubian goats infected with gastrointestinal strongylates on the Moscow Region private farms amounted to 100% in the Podolsk Urban Okrug, and 88.2% in the Voskresensk Urban Okrug. The species composition was represented by 8 species, namely, Haemonchus сontortus, Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, Nematodirus spathiger, N. filicollis, Cooperia оvina, and Bunostomum trigonocephalum. In the pre- and postdeworming milk studies, the organoleptic parameters corresponded to the effective GOST in appearance, texture, color and smell; the sweetish taste was only absent after deworming in the experimental goats. Gastrointestinal nematodes from the suborder Strongylata did not affect the organoleptic parameters of milk. However, the pre- and posttreatment weight fraction of fat changed from 2.90±0.30 to 5.40±0.22% in the experimental group.

The purpose of the research is to study the efficacy of new multicomponent drugs for dogs and cats against arachnoentomosis and helminthosis.
Materials and methods. The efficacy of new four-component Insacar Total C Plus Drops for Dogs and Insacar Total K Plus Drops for Cats was studied on target animal species. The experiment included 90 dogs and 82 cats including 38 dogs and 37 cats with monoinfection by ticks (Sarcoptes canis, Demodex canis, Notoedres cati, Otodectes cynotis, family Ixodidae), 39 dogs and 31 cats with monoinfection by insects (Ctenocephalides sp., Linognathus setosus, Trichodectes canis), 13 dogs and 14 cats with infection by helminths (Toxocara canis, T. cati, Toxascaris leonina, Taenia sp.), and 13 dogs and 10 cats with mixed infections. The drug was applied to the skin of the animals in dosages as specified in the instructions for use. The therapy effectiveness was monitored on days 14 and 28, and in case of Notoedres cati and Sarcoptes canis, on day 40.
Results and discussion. The efficacy of multicomponent drugs against monoinfections with insects, ixodid ticks, ticks of the genus Demodex and helminths, as well as mixed infections of the dogs and cats was 100% in clinical studies. The efficacy in the cats with notoedric mange was 80%, and 83.4% in the dogs with sarcoptic mange. The advantage of four-component Insacar Total C Plus Drops for Dogs and Insacar Total K Plus Drops for Cats is the presence of several components, namely, imidacloprid, praziquantel, pyriproxyfen, and moxidectin. The unique combination of active ingredients ensures the efficacy of drugs against external and internal parasites including ixodid ticks, and preventive efficacy against entomosis and ixodid ticks for 30 days. The drops for dogs and cats are advisable against mixed infections.

The purpose of the research is to study the anthelmintic efficacy of decoctions of various parts of plants, as well as granules and essential oils of plants of the species İnula helenium L., Cichorium intybus L., Arctium lappa L. and Helichrysum araxinium Taxt ex Kirp of the family Compositae Cisece in the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan.
Materials and methods. Herbal preparations were tested on sheep spontaneously infected with gastrointestinal Strongylates. Decoctions of various parts of plants, as well as prepared granules and herbal essential oils were administered to the experimental animals in different doses. Sheep of the control group did not receive the drug. After the administration of the drugs, the condition of the animals was recorded. The drug efficacy was recorded at 5 days based on coproovoscopy results.
Results and discussion. The decoctions of the tested plant species were found to have a high anthelmintic effect against nematodes parasitizing in the digestive tract of sheep. The efficacy of the decoctions prepared from roots and aerial parts of plants of the species I. helenium was 72–78%, the decoction efficacy from roots and aerial parts of the species C. Intybus was 70–76%, the decoction efficacy from roots and aerial parts of the species A. lappa was 69–71%, and the decoction efficacy from the aerial parts part of plants of the species H. araxinium was 74.6%. The anthelmintic effect of essential oils in the experiment was higher and reached 86.7 % from I. helenium, 85.1% from C. intybus, 80.8 % from A. lappa, and 83.5% from H. araxinium. The anthelmintic efficacy of the decoction from I. helenium mixed with C. intybus prepared from the aerial parts of plants was 72.4%, the decoction efficacy from H. araxinium mixed with A. lappa was 65.1, and the efficacy of the flour mixture from the roots of I. helenium, A. lappa and C. intybus was 71.9%.

The purpose of the research is to determine the efficiency of coccidiostat combined with probiotic for treatment coccidiosis in rabbits in a comparative aspect.
Materials and methods. Rabbits suffering from eimeriosis were treated with coccidiostat and probiotic. The anticoccidial drug of the benzeneacetonitrile group, Diclacox 2.5%, the active ingredient of which is diclazuril, and probiotic Mucinolextra, which is a freeze-dehydrated biomass of Bifidobacterium globosum, Enterococcus faecium, B. subtilis, and B. licheniformis at a concentration of 1010 CFU/g were used as preparations. Feces from the rabbits were examined every 3 days by the Fülleborn method to identify coccidia oocysts and determine the infection intensity and prevalence. On the first and last experiment days, the rabbits were weighed to assess the dynamics of live weight. The experiment duration was 15 days.
Results and discussion. Coccidiostat Diclacox 2.5% combined with probiotic Mucinol-extra proved to be highly effective against coccidiosis in rabbits.

The purpose of the research is to test the efficacy of different concentrations of composite Kenocox against Eimeria spp. oocysts in turkeys in a laboratory experiment and under production conditions.
Materials and methods. The anti-Eimeria activity of the new composite disinfection agent Kenocox was tested as compared with phenol in two stages. The first laboratory stage used 2, 4 and 6% Kenocox and 4% phenol as the base drug. The second stage used a bioassay with artificial infection of the young turkeys, and a production test was conducted on a poultry farm.
Results and discussion. The conducted studies showed 92.96% intense-effectiveness of 2% Kenocox. 4 and 6% Kenocox showed 100% efficacy against sporulated Eimeria spp. oocysts, and the base 4 % phenol provided 74.98% efficacy. During the production test of 4% Kenocox on the turkey farm, 91.7% intense-effectiveness was detected.