The purpose of the research is to study of the species composition and frequency of occurrence of bird’s blood flies (Diptera, Hippoboscidae) parasitizing on sand martin (Riparia riparia (L., 1758)) in the European part of Russia.

Materials and methods. The material for this work was the collection of bird’s blood flies, obtained by us during the ringing of sand martin in 2016–2018. The population of six sand martin colonies located along the banks of the Klyazma and Uvod rivers in the territory of the Kovrov region of the Vladimir region was examined. Birds were caught, blocking the entrance to the holes by spider nets. A total of 842 swallows were examined and ringed.

Results and discussion. After examining 674 adults (349 males, 325 females) and 168 juveniles of sand martin, we found only two blood suckers Ornithomya avicularia (the frequency of occurrence of flies in birds is 0.2%). This type of bird’s blood flies is an unspecialized pleioxeny parasite. The results of our observations show that the parasitism of O. avicularia on the sand martin is extremely rare. Narrow-specific, monoxenous species of bird’s blood flies, parasitic on sand martin, were not found in the study area.

The purpose of the research is to identify the law of cattle infection by main helminth species in West Kazakhstan region depending on environmental conditions.

Materials and methods. Fullebourn’s method of flotation was used to study helminths infection of cattle. Calculation of the number of helminth eggs and larvae in 1 g of feces was conducted with the help of count chamber VIGIS. Strongylata identification up to generation was conducted according to P. F. Polyakov after larvae cultivation according to N. A. Akulin based on the morphological structure of infective strongylata larvae parasitizing in cattle. Thelazia was washed out from conjunctival eye sac by 3% boric acid solution. Parenchymal organs (hepar, lungs) were tested on detection of caseworm cysts. The researches were conducted once every three months to study helminths seasonal dynamics.

Results and discussion. Maximum precipitation in steppe and semi-desert zones is observed in spring 24.2 and 18.7 mm and in autumn 33.0 and 28.0 mm, and minimum precipitation is observed in summer 9.2 and 8.5 mm respectively. Maximum precipitation in desert zone is suited on winter (14.4 mm) and at autumn (14.0 mm). Cattle prevalence by main helminths species in steppe, semi-desert and desert zones of West Kazakhstan region was the lowest in winter and the largest in autumn. In steppe zone the degree of infection by digestive tract strongylata was 27.6 and 44.3%, by moniezia 17.9 and 19.1%, by thelazia 3.2 and 86.9% respectively. In winter and in autumn in semi-desert zone the degree of cattle infection by digestive tract strongylata was 14.4 and 33.8%, by moniezia 15.7 and 18.2%, by thelazia 2.2 and 79.3 % respectively. In winter and in autumn in desert zone the degree of cattle infection by digestive tract strongylata was 11.4 and 27.2%, by moniezia 14.8 and 15.3%, by thelazia 2.4 and 78.2% respectively. Prevalence by caseworms did not change essentially during the year and was in steppe, semi-desert and desert zones average 40.3%, 35.6% and 31.6% respectively.

The purpose of the research devoted to the study of the possible factors of transmission of larval nematodosis pathogens, namely to clarify the possibility of nematodes eggs transfer from the soil to people’s homes on the dogs' paws and on people's shoes.

Materials and methods. Three types of samples were examined for the presence of nematode eggs: the washings from the dog paws, from the shoes of dog owners, and the shoes of individuals that do not have pet dogs. To detect helminth eggs, the original protocol of the flotation-sedimentation method was used. A total of 150 volumetric samples were investigated.

Results and discussion. In 17.3% of the samples from the paws of dogs and in 10.7% of the samples from the shoes of their owners, the eggs of parasitic nematodes were found. Toxocara eggs were found in 8.5% of samples, among them T. canis in 3.4%, T. cati in 5.1%; the eggs of Ancylostoma sp. in 2.5%, Trichuris cf. vulpis in 1.7%, Capillariidae gen. sp. in 2.5% of samples. In samples from the shoes of people who do not have dogs, nematode eggs were not found. All the eggs morphologically seemed to be alive. One third of the Toxocara eggs contained an embryo at the cleavage stage, the eggs of Trichuris and Capillariidae were at the zygote stage. Hookworm eggs contained larvae. The number of eggs found in the samples from the paws of dogs was almost double that on the shoes of their owners. Our study demonstrates that invasive parasitic agents can be carried from soil to human homes on shoe soles and dog paws. This fact needs to be accounted for when assessing the risk of worm infection in humans and dogs.

The purpose of the research is to study the seasonal and age dynamics of infection of cattle and sheep with Fasciola hepatica L., 1758 in the Central economic region of Russia in the Bryansk Region.

Materials and methods. The study of the seasonal dynamics of infection of cattle and small ruminants with F. hepatica was carried out by studying the feces of animals by means of coprological methods. The age dynamics of infection of cattle and sheep with F. hepatica was studied in the farms of the Bryansk region based on the results of veterinary-sanitary inspection.

Results and discussion. When studying the effect of the season of the year on infection of cattle and sheep with F. hepatica, it was established that the adult stock was infected with F. hepatica in all seasons of the year, ranging from 9.0 % in June to 16.6 % in February of cattle and from 8.5% in August to 17.6% in January of sheep. The highest infection rate of the animals was noted in winter, which, in our opinion, is due to the fasciola reaching a new generation of maturity. With the age of the animals, their F. hepatica infection rate increases due to the accumulation of infection and the realization of the possibility of reinfection in subsequent years. The maximum F. hepatica infection rate of cattle with was observed in the animals over the age of 8 years, and sheep – of 5 years and older. They, in turn, play a major role in the circulation of fasciolosis infection.

The purpose of the research is to study of the infection rate of freshwater mollusks and carp fish by trematodes transmitted by fish in the Psel and Seym basins in the Kursk region.

Materials and methods. Helminthological material was collected from caught mollusks and fish. Mollusks were explored by the methods of life-time diagnostics and compression, and the fish by the method of compressing the spinal muscles and microscopic examination according to the method commonly used in helminthology. It was examined 200 specimens of mollusks and 1030 specimens of 6 fish species from the Cyprinidae family, from underyearling to two years of age. The species composition of trematodes was determined by identification guide.

Results and discussion. Totally 4 species of helminths belonging to the Opisthorchidae: Opisthorchis felineus, Pseudamphistomum truncatum, Metorchis bilis and M. xanthosomus were identified. The extensiveness of infection by the larvae of O. felineus varied from 6.0 to 14.3 % in bleak, and 9.1% in red-eye. P. truncatum cysts were found only in bleak (8.0–11.1 %). The larvae M. bilis were found in 4 species of fish with extensiveness of infection from 5.6 to 50.0 %. 5 species of fish were infected by metacercaria M. xanthosomus (11.8–64.7 %). Epidemiological significance for humans have the first three species of the identified trematodes. The rate of fish infection indicates that the main source of opisthorchid eggs entering the examined river basins are wild and domestic birds, as well as semiaquatic mammals.

The purpose of the research is to give an analysis to the methods of diagnostics of cattle buxtonellosis.

Materials and methods. Feces sampling conducted at the farms for cattle growing with different keeping conditions (private housing, stall-outdoor keeping, stall keeping) from 2013 to 2018. Feces specimens with the mass of 10 g were selected from the animals of different age from rectum or standard collection of fresh feces in housing accommodation for animals. Collected material was preserved by 2% potassium bichromate. For diagnostic purposes parasitological methods for sedimentation, flotation, native and combined methods recommended for diagnostics endoparasitosis were used. Microscopes МБС-10 and ZEISS Axio Imager 2 was used for microscopic evaluation.

Results and discussion. For buxtonellosis diagnostics it is recommended: method of sequential irrigation (washout), formalinethereous method and direct smear method. Particularity of Buxtonella sulcata to cause diarrhea in cattle if 1000 or more cysts is present in 1 g of feces should be taken into account allowing for the results of studies. Quantitative methods should be used for this purpose as follows McMaster's modified method or method of examination feces suspension in 5% solution of formalin specifically developed by author.

The purpose of the research is to study of local irritant action of complex insectoacaricide drug "RolfClub 3D shampoo” on rats’ skin and guinea pigs’ mucous membranes of the eyes.

Materials and methods. Local irritant action of complex insectoacaricide drug "RolfClub 3D shampoo” was evaluated in the experiment on determination of acute skin toxicity of rats on the thickness of skin fold. Only animals with healthy skin, which was kept on standard dietary and which has undergone 7 days absolute quarantine before experiment, were used. Studies on determination of local irritant action of aqueous solution of active ingredients combination of shampoo on conjunctiva of guinea pigs’ eyes were conducted on adult albino guinea pigs with body weight of 250–300 g. Each animal's eye condition was visually evaluated for determination of expressed injuries not later than 24 hours.

Results and discussion. Symptoms of irritant action were not noticed in the case of exposure of aqueous solution of active ingredients combination of shampoo on rats’ skin. After application skin areas was not differ from control skin areas. Redness of whole conjunctiva and sclera was noted in the case of application of solution on mucous membranes of the eyes. This event disappeared in 24 hours. Condition of animals’ mucous membranes of the eyes pretreated water was within the physiological range. Aqueous solution of active ingredients combination has mild effect on mucous membranes of the eyes; recovery up to normal range carries within 24 hours.

The purpose of the research is to study efficiency of drugs for veterinary use "Inspector Quadro C” and "Inspector Quadro K” in the case of dogs’ and cats’ dirofilariosis.

Materials and methods. Study was conducted on 24 animals of different breeds, which were naturally infected by Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens, including 12 dogs at the age from 7 weeks to four years with the body weight of 6–20 kg, and 12 cats at the age from 7 weeks to two years with the body weight of 0.7–5 kg. Diagnosis as well as drug efficiency was confirmed in its entirety based on clinical signs and laboratory studies (microscopic evaluation of animals’ blood films). V. B. Yastreb concentration method were used as the method of study. The drug was administered to the animals from experimental group by applying on dry, uninjured skin on places inaccessible for licking off in the dose range of 0.1 ml per 1 kg of animal body weight twice at intervals of 10–14 days which corresponds to the dose for cats 1 mg/kg, for dogs 2.5 mg/kg for moxidectin.

Results and discussion. It has been established that drugs "Inspector Quadro C” and "Inspector Quadro K” had demonstrated 100 % efficiency at dirofilariosis disease in dogs and cats. Negative influence of drugs on animals’ organisms was not established.

The purpose of the research is to study the efficiency of fenbendazole on the basis of nanosized supramolecular delivery systems with polyvinyl pyrrolidone and dioctylsulphosuccinate sodium in the cases of helminthosis in animals.

Materials and methods. Experiments were conducted on 120 mice experimentally infected by Trichinella spiralis, Hymenolepis nana and on sheep experimentally infected by gastro-intestinal eelworms (120 animals) and by moniezias (60 animals). In each case of helminthosis animals from different groups (10 animals in each) were given fenbendazole supramolecular complex with polyvinyl pyrrolidone and dioctylsulphosuccinate sodium orally at the single dose of 3.0, 2.0 and 1.0 mg/kg on AS compared to background drug fenbendazole at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg. Group of animals, which did not receive a drug was a control. Drug efficiency calculated according to the results of mice enterotomy and data of coproovoscopic studies of sheep by flotation technique before and in 15 days after drug administration.

Results and discussion. Fenbendazole supramolecular complex with polyvinyl pyrrolidone and dioctylsulphosuccinate sodium at the doses of 3.0, 2.0 and 1.0 on AS showed 100, 100 and 87.7 % of efficiency against T. spiralis, 100, 100, 91.14% against H. nana, 100, 97.7 and 94.0% against gastro-intestinal eelworms and 100, 92.44 and 44.26% against Moniezia expansa, respectively while efficiency of background drug – fenbendazole substance was 23.0–26.3%.

The purpose of the research is to develop the method of disinfection of external environment objects against cysts Buxtonella sulcata in cattle.

Materials and methods. Under the conditions of "Orlovskoe” OJSC of Shchyolkovsky District Moscow Region biological test for experimental infection was applied for determination of efficiency of Cystodez for disinfection on 30 calves at the age of 6 months, which were free of B. sulcata. Efficiency of disinfection in the course of prescribing different concentrations of Cystodez as well as 4% concentration of background drug of carbolic acid was determined based on the percentage reduction of generation B. sulcata cysts after the above stated drugs exposure and concentrations compared with infected control calves, which were prescribed 200 cysts/ml. During August–September 2017 efficiency of 4% Cystodez against B. sulcata cysts of cattle were tested by the mean of by artificial laying of B. sulcata cysts on control sites compared with the background drug of 4% carbolic acid within the exposure of 2 hours under the manufacturing conditions of OJSC named after Guryanov of the Kaluga Region.

Results and discussion. Intensive efficiency of 3% concentration of Cystodez was 97.9%, and in 4 and 5% concentration the drug demonstrated 100 % efficiency. Results received during manufacturing testing of 4 % Cystodez at the dose of 0.5 l per 1 m 2 within the exposure of 2 hours show its high efficiency for disinfection against cysts of cattle B. sulcata. Intensive efficiency was 92.32% versus 75.6% efficiency of the 4% background drug of carbolic acid.

The purpose of the research is to study the efficiency of complex medicinal product for veterinary use "RolfClub 3D shampoo” for treatment of dogs’ and cats’ ectoparasitosis.

Materials and methods. Cats and dogs affected by fleas Ctenocephalides felis and C. canis, lice Felicola subrostratus and Trichodectes canis, sucking lice Linognathus setosus were selected for the experiment. Presence of specific disease symptoms (pruritus, rumpled and flat coat, scratchings, and places of hair removal) was noted at the time of visual examination of animals’ dermatic hair-coat covering. All infected animals were divided into experimental and control groups. Complex insectoacaricide drug "RolfClub 3D shampoo” ("SPC "Ecoprom") in the form of solution was administered according to the instruction. Before dressing animals’ dermatic hair-coat covering was richly washed by warm water, then the drug was applied at a rate of 1 ml per 1 kg of body weight spreading throughout surface of dermatic hair-coat covering and slightly rubbing till foaming avoiding contact with eyes, ears, and avoiding licking off drug by animals. Shampoo was carefully washed out with warm water in 5–7 minutes. Zoohygienical shampoo was used for the animals from control group. In 24 hours, 2, 5, 10 days shampoo efficiency was evaluated on the basis of calculation of amount of ectoparasites before and after single dressing by the drug "RolfClub 3D shampoo”.

Results and discussion. It has been established that the drug "RolfClub 3D shampoo” has significant insecticide effect. Single animals’ dressing by the drug "RolfClub 3D shampoo” provided death of fleas, sucking lice, lice. In 24 hours, 2, 5, 10 days after beginning of experiment all treated animals were free of ectoparasites (fleas, sucking lice, lice). Therapeutic drug efficiency was 100% in the case of all ectoparasites diseases (ctenocephalosis, linognatozis, trichodectozis). Side effects and events were not identified in the case of drug administration.

The purpose of the research is a comprehensive evaluation of existing methods and devices for veterinary-sanitary inspection on trichinellosis.

Materials and methods. In the course of researches diagnostic and processing characteristics of existing tools and methods for trichinelloscopic control were determined using specimens of muscular tissue from experimentally infected laboratory animals.

Results and discussion. It has been established that the major methods for inspection in the case of trichinellosis are compressor trichinelloscopy and peptolysis method (digestion of muscular tissue in simulated gastric fluid). Devices permitting to use them in different technological conditions were created for the realization of each of these diagnostics methods. Thus, devices of TP-type for the field work researches on trichinellosis based on appliance of optical system of control were recommended for compressor trichinelloscopy. Complex of devices of AVT-type permitting to study large lots of meat by-products and waste was developed for inspection of carcasses and meat products under manufacturing conditions.

The purpose of the research is study of the main sources and ways of dispersal of heteroderidae.

Materials and methods. The research was conducted from 2002 to 2018 in Sumy, Chernihiv, Cherkasy, Poltava and other regions of Ukraine. The study of the features of the spatial dispersal of cyst nematodes in cultural and natural plant communities was carried out by the method of selection and analysis of plant and soil samples. Cysts from the soil were extracted by the flotation method. To determine the species composition of nematodes, temporary and permanent specimens were prepared according to generally accepted methods.

Results and discussion. Wind erosion is one of the dominant sources of cysts dispersal. In natural biocoenosis, mole rats and moles are potential sources of the distribution of clover and other types of cyst nematodes. Among mouse-like rodents, representatives of the genus of gray voles are the most important, populating both cultural and natural plant communities. The dispersal of cysts can also occur in soil insects: bitterns, scarab beetles, carrion beetles, larvae of the May beetle, cut worms. However, the greatest dispersal of cysts occurs as a result of human activities. Cysts are also distributed by hand tools: shovels, rakes, hoes when performing various agricultural works on tillage. The implementation of a set of recommended technological operations for growing sugar and fodder beets leads to an increase in the area of existing foci within 90–170 cm, potatoes 75–125 cm, corn for green fodder and silage 30–85 cm, peas 18–55 cm, barley with clover seeding of 12–40 cm, winter cereal when using no-till and mini-till of 16–35 cm, and tail (plowing) and subsequent superficial 31–50 cm. The smallest up to 10 cm dispersal of cyst-forming nematodes was noted when growing perennial legumes in that due to the minimal number of mechanical operations for their maintenance.

The purpose of the research is evaluation the possibility of application the Hassell model for prediction the dynamics of population density of golden nematode of potato in the ground after growing Globodera resistant variety of potato in the single-crop.

Materials and methods. For the research database of population density of golden nematode of potato (amount of ootids and larvae) was used on the three plots where amenable varieties of potato were grown and one plot where Globodera resistant variety of potato Kardinal was grown in the Kaluga Region within 14 years (1979–1993). Non-linear least-squares method which is the version of least-squares method for non-linear systems was used as the method for evaluation the model parameters. Toolset of search for solution in the program Excel was used for analysis.

Results and discussion. Hassell model for prediction the dynamics of population density of golden nematode of potato in the ground after growing Globodera resistant variety of potato in the single-crop demonstrated high confidence. (R² = 0.94). Based on the Hassell model for development golden nematode of potato population in plot soil with growing nematode resistant variety modeling of introduction of Globodera resistant variety was conducted for different initial amount of golden nematode of potato and different levels of fertility of soil: low, average, high. Hassell model has confirmed that it is the most multifunctional in the category of discrete one-period models for prediction dynamics of population density of golden nematode of potato in the ground and permits to predict the amount of golden nematode of potato for agrobiocenosis with single-crop of potato of amenable and Globodera resistant varieties.