The purpose of the research is study of the effect of productivity direction and season on cattle contamination with gastrointestinal nematodes.

Materials and methods. Analyzing the criterion of animal husbandry system, two herds of meat cattle of blonde d'aquitaine meat breeds (54 individuals - grazing) of the Limousine breed (53 specimens – rearing without pasture) and two flocks of Holstein- Friesian dairy cattle from three farms (187 – with access to pastures) individuals located in north-western Poland. The research was carried out in 2014–2017. The animals were not dewormed. Attempts for parasitological examinations were collected from January to December from the handpiece or from the bedding immediately after defecation. The study was based on a quantitative method using the McMaster technique, which allowed the number of eggs to be determined in 1 g of feces.

Results and discussion. A high percentage of cattle infection with a mixed infection of GIN was found. The greatest intensity of infection was demonstrated in April, May and June. In these months, the average degree of worming ranged from 58.31 to 92.53 % depending on the type of farm. The lowest level of infection was in winter months: December, January, February. Comparison of the prevalence of invasive endoparasites in dairy and beef cattle showed a higher extensiveness of infection in beef cattle. The increase in the number of eggs was observed along with the increase in the extensiveness of infection in the spring months. During this period, the EPG coefficient ranged from 359–468 eggs/gram. In summer months there was a slight decrease in the number of eggs in the faeces oscillated around 416–325 eggs/gram. Repeated egg expulsion was observed in August. After this period the excretion of eggs decreased. Microclimate factors, especially temperature and atmospheric precipitation, have a huge impact on the spread of helminthosis. Therefore, learning the exact dynamics of infection with endoparasites in an annual cycle has an important practical aspect in the selection of deworming dates.

The purpose of the research is to study the contamination of environmental objects and Toxocara canis transmission in the occurrence of the people’s risk of becoming infected.

Materials and methods. 481 fecal samples of anonymous dogs were studied for the period from 2011 to 2015 in order to determine the rate of Toxocara sp. infection in dogs in various territories on the south of Russia (the Rostov Region, the Krasnodar Territory, the Republic of Adygea and Karachay-Cherkessia). Fecal samples were taken in the spring-summer time from the territories of private residences. Helminthovoscopic studies of fecal samples were carried out by the Fulleborn method using a saturated solution of sodium nitrate, and ether-formalin sedimentation method using concentrators of the MiniParasep system. To calculate the number of Toxocara sp. eggs in 1g of feces, a VIGIS camera was used. Seroepidemiological diagnostics of 5194 blood serums of southern Russia population deemed to be healthy was carried out in order to identify specific class G antibodies to T. canis for 2011–2018. Toxocara-IgG-IFA-BEST reagents were used as diagnostic test systems. Enzyme immunoassay was performed according to the instructions.

Results and discussion. In the study of 481 samples of depersonalized feces of dogs in various territories of southern Russia, the proportion of positive samples averaged 29.31%, while the proportion of samples with T. canis eggs ranged from 6.0% in the Krasnodar Territory to 16.7% in the Republic of Adygea. Toxocara sp. eggs were found in 42.2% of samples. The analysis showed the fluctuations in the incidence of toxocarosis from 1.33 in 2014 to 2.19 in 2018 per 100 thousand. The seropositivity level of the examined individuals was in the range of 19.5–40.9% in the Rostov Region, 17.0–25.0% in the Astrakhan region, 21.78–37.11% in the Krasnodar Territory, 22.5–47.0% in the Republic of Adygea, 34.0–42.27% in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, 13.8% in the Chechen Republic and 19.9% in the Republic of Crimea.

The purpose of the research is to develop a list of preventive measures to improve the parasitological situation based on the sanitary-parasitological analysis of the environment in the south of Russia.

Materials and methods. The work was performed in 2014–2016 at the Rostov Research Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology of Rospotrebnadzor. There was an analysis performed, and statistical processing done, for the results of our own studies, which were received during the epidemiological and epizootological experiments and materials of the Rospotrebnadzor Directorates for the Southern Federal District entities on parasitological situation in the regions and cities in order to determine the parameters of a nosological profile of the infectious pathology of humans and animals in the Southern Federal District, study the role of parasitosis in the pathology of humans and animals and compile the initial data for the development of a regional system to control the epizootic manifestations of echinococcosis and toxocarosis in humans and animals. A comprehensive epizootological approach was applied using helminthological studies of various environmental objects and individual methods of modern prognostics. Biomonitoring for epidemiologically significant factors of the parasitosis transmission in the south of Russia was performed.

Results and discussion. The developed structure of the epidemiological significance of environmental objects in parasitic diseases made the possibility to rationally plan a structure of epidemiological environmental objects to be selected for sanitary and parasitological studies in specific territories depending on the structure of parasitosis incidence. It was identified that wastewater and its sludge are still the most epidemiologically significant objects. In 2014–2016, 71.4% of viable parasitic agents in the Rostov Region and 50% in the Republic of Adygea were detected in drainage water before being treated by sewage treatment plants. In both territories, the ovogram of the parasitic pathogens detected was identical with predominant (more than 50%) detection of Toxocara sp. eggs. Next, according to detection frequency, are less determined eggs of ascaris, pinworms, taeniidae, hookworms, dicrocoelium and tapeworms. The results of the sanitary-parasitological monitoring of the substrates of sewage treatment plants in 2018 showed that the proportion of positive samples in the Republic of Adygea was 80.0% with AI 0.1–0.3 ind./l and the Rostov Region – 55.6% with AI 0.1–0.2 ind./l. Soil and sand samples were positive in 33.3% of cases; the seeding rate was 8 ind./kg. In all territories, the spectrum of detected pathogens of parasitoses in the soil was almost identical: Toxocara sp. eggs, eggs of roundworms, pinworms, etc.

The literature in trypanosomosis and piroplasmosis in animals was analyzed. Protozoal diseases of animals are widely spread in the Russian Federation and may cause substantial economic damage. The diagnostics of protozoal diseases now uses various methods – microscopic, serological and molecular-biological. Different methods should be used in combination for successful diagnostics. Protozoologists are faced with the following tasks: continuous monitoring of the epizootic condition for the prevailing and economically significant protozoal diseases of animals; development and implementation of most advanced effective drugs for diagnostics, therapy and prevention of protozoal diseases based on molecular biology, genetic engineering and cell biotechnology achievements; chemotherapeutic screening to treat parasite carriers’ body from the disease agent; study of biocenotic relations among endamebas of various systemic groups; studying genetic make-ups of an antigenic shift of pathogenic protozoa; development of immunogenetic studies of animals to select their protozoal disease-resistant populations; study of biology of the understudied protozoal diseases.

The purpose of the research is to study the spread and seasonal dynamics of toxocarosis in domestic and police dogs in the Republic of Tajikistan.

Materials and methods. In order to study the period of maximum Toxocara sp. infection and seasonal dynamics of toxocarosis, monthly records were kept for dogs diagnosed with toxocarosis in a population of both domestic and police dogs from September 2016 to February 2019. We examined 70 dogs, of these 41 were police dogs and 29 were domestic dogs. 334 fecal specimens of police dogs and 221 fecal specimens of domestic dogs were examined by the Fulleborn flotation method.

Results and discussion. 75 (22.3%) fecal specimens of police dogs from 336 fecal specimens studied were found to have Toxocara sp. eggs, and Toxocara sp. eggs were found in 28 (12.6%) fecal specimens of domestic dogs from 221 dogs studied. Toxocarosis in domestic dogs was reported throughout the year. The maximum Toxocara sp. infection in dogs was established in winter (28.5%) and summer (29.6%) 2017, and in summer (38.0%) and spring (31.8%) 2018, and in spring (28.5%) 2019. Toxocara sp. occurrence in police dogs and dogs belonging to breeding kennels of various institutions accounts for 4–8 age group. Dogs of younger age were infected with Toxocara sp. to a lesser degree.

The purpose of the research is to analyze and synthesize literature data on terrestrial mollusks, intermediate hosts of helminthes vertebrat.

Materials and methods. An analysis of the literature data on the distribution of helminths of vertebrates among species of terrestrial mollusks acting as their intermediate hosts was performed.

Results and discussion. A literature review of helminth species found in terrestrial mollusks from different regions of the world and the Republic of Belarus is presented. A reasoned assumption has been put forward about more than 40 species of terrestrial mollusks of the Republic of Belarus as potential intermediate hosts of 30 or more species of helminths.

The purpose of the research is to determine quantitative indicators of infection of fish of the cyprinid family with opisthorchid metacercariae in the rivers of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra.

Materials and methods. The researches were done for the Bolshoy Yugan, Vynga, Tromyogan, Pim, Ob, Irtysh rivers in 2012–2018. Fish species was identified under the identification guide, and their age was determined by their scales. The fish were examined for the presence of metacercariae of opisthorchids by compression of the spinal muscles followed by microscopy according to the generally accepted technique.

Results and discussion. The extent of infection of ide by opisthorchid metacercariae ranged from 11.2–87.4% in different rivers, spruce – 35.6–94.1%. With the age of fish, the extent of infection and the abundance index increase due to the accumulation of infection. There are species of fish identified that are less vulnerable to the infection. The highest rate of fish infection was observed in the Irtysh River.

The purpose of the research is to study the seasonal dynamics of infection of fry and fingerling of carp with Bothryocephalus sp. in warm-water cage culture fishery with the complete absence of discharge of warm water into the cooler pond.

Materials and methods. To determine the dynamics of infection of fry and fingerling of carp, we selected 3 cages with carp fry 1.5–2 g from the Cherepets Fish Farm. After transferring carp fry from the trays of the incubation workshop to cages, from July 25 to October 4, 2018, helminthological dissection of 10 fry and fingerling of carp from each experimental cage was performed to determine the extent and intensity of infection by Bothryocephalus sp. The content of soluble oxygen in the water was determined daily and the temperature of the water was measured in the area where the cage lines were located. After therapeutic deworming of the fingerling of carp with a fodder and medicated mixture with Microsal at a water temperature of 15°C, the fish from all experimental cages were dissected, after which the extensity and intensity of the treatment were determined.

Results and discussion. The water temperature in the zone of location of cages with fingerling was 20–23°C. The mass of fingerling reached 1.5–2 g by July 25. On July 25, they caught and made helminthologic dissection of 10 carp fingerlings from cages No. 56, 67 and 78. No fish cestode was found. On August 23, when catching and helminthological dissection of carp fingerling from cages No. 56 and 78, the infection rate of fish by Bothriocephalus sp. was 20%, and in cage No. 67 – 10%. The infection rate was 1–2 cestodes per fish. Upon catch and helminthological dissection of carp fingerling No. 56, 67 and 78 on September 25, the infection rate of fish by Bothryocephalus sp. was 60%, 50%, and 50% respectively with an infection rate of 1 to 4 cestodes per fish. After therapeutic deworming of carp fingerlings with fodder and medicated mixtures with Microsal on October 4, 2018, the infection rate in fish in the control cage (No. 56) was 60% with an infection rate of 1 to 4 cestodes per fish. No cestode was found in carp fingerlings from cage No. 67. EE and IE – 100%. In cage number 78, one cestode was found in one fish. EE – 83.3% with IE – 90.9%.

The purpose of the research is to study the cumulative properties of the supramolecular complex of ivermectin.

Materials and methods. Studies were conducted in the vivarium of the VNIIGIS named after K. I. Skrjabin. For the purpose of the experiment, 20 outbred white rats weighing 180 g were selected, which were divided into experimental and control groups of 10 animals each. To determine the cumulation coefficient, we used a method taking into account the death of animals upon repeated administration of the drug — a test of subchronic toxicity in accordance with the “Guidelines for the experimental (preclinical) study of new pharmacological substances”. For the rats in the experimental group the drug was administered orally during the first four days at a dose of 35.5 mg/kg equal to 1/10 of the previously established single LD50 (298.0 mg/kg). Then, the dose was increased by 1.5 times every next four days. The rats in the control group were injected with 2 ml of water. The experiment was carried out for 28 days. Throughout the experiment, animals were monitored, considering their condition and degree of activity.

Results and discussion. According to the accepted classification, the supramolecular complex of ivermectin belongs to the group of substances with weakly expressed cumulative properties, since the cumulation coefficient is 6.05 (IV toxicity group).

The purpose of the research is to assess the acute oral toxicity of the drug Altrik-Extra in mice and rats, to determine its hazard class depending on the degree of exposure to animals.

Materials and methods. White outbred mice and rats were used in the experiment. In the study of acute oral toxicity, conventional techniques were used.

Results and discussion. Average lethal doses of LD₅₀ were established when administered orally to laboratory animals. For mice, LD₅₀ was more than 5986 mg/kg. Thus, according to the generally accepted hygienic classification (GOST 12.1.007-76), Altrick- Extra belongs to the 4th hazard class (low-hazard substances). In the study of acute oral toxicity in rats, LD₅₀ was 3 103.1±748.5 mg/kg (confidence interval boundaries 2 354.6÷3 851.5 mg/kg). Therefore, in accordance with GOST 12.1.007-76, the studied drug belongs to the 3rd class of danger (moderately dangerous substances).

The purpose of the research is to analyze the literature in the Hypodermа bovis morphology and biology, as well as clinical features and advanced techniques for diagnostics, prevention and treatment of hypodermatosis.

Results and discussion. Recent studies have allowed for broadening and supplementing current ideas on the hypodermatosis prevention and treatment. Measures implemented in Russia and abroad against hypodermatosis can reduce the incidence and damage from this disease to low rates. Currently, the development of means to control hypodermatosis and a search for advanced diagnostic techniques has been continuing. Hypodectin is now one of the effective and quite safe medicines to treat animals’ skin in case of hypodermatosis. Injection drugs are also effective, particularly, Dermacin, Avermectin, Abamectin, Ivermectin, Novomec and Aversectin.

The purpose of the research is testing the effectiveness of a new method of group deworming of sheep and goats with intestinal cestodosis and strongylatosis in the conditions of the Caspian region of the Russian Federation.

Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out on sheep and goats of different ages infected with Strongylata spp., Nematodirus spp., Moniesia spp. in the form of mono- and mixed infections, in livestock farms which are unsuccessful for these infecions and at the laboratory for the study of infective diseases of farm animals and birds from the Caspian zonal NIVI (SRVI) – Branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Agrarian Research Center RD". For this purpose, in the Agricultural Production Cooperative "Tindi" located in the Babayurtovsky zone of transhumance pastures, 750 sheep and goats were selected, which were divided into two groups — experimental and control — before moving to summer pastures. The animals from the experimental group were subjected to the group dehelminthization by feeding Febtal granulate and Helmicide granulate preparations with food in combination with bentonite flour and sodium chloride. The control group animals were not given a drug mixture. During the experiment, sheep and goats were kept under identical conditions and were monitored daily. Before and after treatment, feces of animals were examined using the methods of Fulleborn, Weid and serial washing. Statistical processing of test results of anthelmintics was carried out according to the program "Biometry".

Results and discussion. It was found that cestodosis and strongylatosis of the digestive tract of sheep and goats are widespread in the vertical zonality of the region. The highest infection rate was found in sheep and goats on the plain: respectively, Strongylata spp. by 26.04 and 19.3%, Nematodirus spp. by 28.0 and 24.6%, Moniesia spp. by 33.1 and 29.16%, and in the foothills – by 26.8 and 23.28%, 26.4 and 22.9%, 31.3 and 26.7%. Sheep and goats are infected with cestodes and strongylates to a lesser extent in highlands and mountains. The proposed new composition provides high efficiency in the treatment and prevention of gastrointestinal cestodosis and strongylatosis in sheep and goats. Thus, the dehelminthization efficiency was 96.0% with 64.0% infection of animals with Trichostrongylus spp. before the experiment. After the dehelminthization, Strongylata spp. eggs were detected in 6 % of sheep and goats. Efficiency against Nematodirus spp. was 98% and against Moniesia spp. was 100%.

The purpose of the research is to test the effectiveness of the integrated control of exogenous and endogenous stages of Eimeria spp. in poultry farms with floor brooding broiler chickens.

Materials and methods. The study was conducted in 10 poultry houses of the Nezhegolskaya poultry farm of the Belaya Ptitsa agricultural holding of the Belgorod Region during one production cycle in May–June of 2017. A 4% solution of delegol Pro was used as a disinfectant at a flow rate of 0.5 l per m² at an exposure of 2 hours. As a method of preparations against endogenous stages, the chickens were administered the ionophore feed antibiotic salinomycin 12% at the recommended dose with food, and toltrazuril 2.5% (baykoks), which was given to the chickens of 8–10 days age with drinking water in the recommended dose for 72 hours at the rate of 1 liter of the drug per 1000 liters of water. The initial contamination of the houses by Eimeria oocysts, the effectiveness of the delegol Pro and the combined use of salinomycin and toltrazuril were established for chickens according to the results of studies of bedding samples before and after the administration of toltrazuril, as well as before slaughter of an experimental batch of chickens. The effectiveness of the integrated control of exogenous and endogenous stages of Eimeria spp. was established, and the species composition of Eimeria spp. was identified.

Parasitological studies of the bedding and scrapings were done in the laboratory of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plants named after K. I. Skryabin by the combined method of Darling. The prevalence (PI) and intensity (II) of the eimeriotic infection in the bedding and scrapings were established by counting the number of oocysts in 1 g of scrapings using the McMaster egg counting chamber. The species composition of Eimeria spp. was determined after the collection and cultivation of oocysts. Morphometry of eimeria oocysts was carried out. The effectiveness of the comprehensive control of the exogenous and endogenous stages of coccidia in a poultry farm with a floor brooding of broiler chickens was determined as the efficiency or percentage reduction in the number of oocysts in bedding samples after slaughter of the previous and experimental batch of chickens, which was calculated by the formula.

Results and discussion. In scrapings from the floor of 10 houses, before disinfection, a high contamination of the floor of the houses by eimeria oocysts (Eimeria spp.) was found. The average extent of eimeriotic infection was 53.33%, and the intensity was 12.23±5.15 thousand oocysts/g of scrapings. In scrapings from the floor 24 hours after the treatment of the houses with delegol Pro, eimeria oocysts were found in all 10 houses, but a decrease in PI to 49.99% and II to 7.6±2.46 thousand oocysts/g scrapings was noted. During the disinfestation of the oocysts, the Eimeria spp. was not completely destroyed, which confirms the inadequacy of the control of only the exogenous stages of coccidia. Therefore, the second stage of the comprehensive program was the control of endogenous stages of Eimeria spp. Strong bedding pollution was found after slaughter of the previous batch of chickens. The average PI for 10 houses in the bedding was 51.66%, with an average II of 11.96±5.97 thousand oocysts/g. When examining the bedding of an experimental batch of chickens before giving toltrazuril, the average PI was 25%, II was 6.67±6.21 thousand oocysts/g bedding. The average PI in the bedding one week after administration of 2.5 % toltrazuril was 8.35% with an II of 1.65±1.84 thousand oocysts/g; two weeks after administration of the drug PI was 51.66% with II 11.62±14.46 thousand oocysts/g; after three weeks, PI was 76.66%, II was 8.88±5,82 thousand oocysts/g; after four weeks, PI was 81.66%, II was 7.48±2.55 thousand oocysts/g. Before slaughtering an experimental batch of broilers eimeria oocysts were found in samples of the bedding in 9 houses. It should be noted that the average PI for 10 houses in the bedding was 34.99% with II of 3.56±1.34 thousand oocysts/g, which is significantly lower than the same indicators after slaughter of the previous batch of chickens, where PI was 51.66%, and II was 11.96±5.97 thousand oocysts/g. The species composition of eimeria oocysts from bedding samples was determined at 2 and 4 weeks after the 2.5% toltrazuril was administered with Eimeria acervulina (20%), E. brunetti (33.3%), E. maxima (33.3%), E. tenella (13.4%). The results of a study of the effectiveness of the integrated control of exogenous and endogenous stages of coccidia in an industrial poultry farm with a floor brooding of broiler chickens showed a 70.2 % intensity of this program.

The purpose of the research is aimed at the development of a method to control basement mosquitoes in residential premises and basements of cities and towns without use of insecticides.

Materials and methods. The materials that contributed to the development of a method to control Culex pipiens pipiens f. molestus basement mosquitoes in cities and towns were experimental studies performed in 2015–2017 at the arachno-entomology laboratory of the Yakut Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture.

Results and discussion. Culex pipiens pipiens f. molestus female mosquitoes are caught after blood sucking and egg maturation by positive oviposition in warm water. For this purpose, a flat-bottomed container with area 0.09–1 m² is filled with clear nondrying liquid adhesive preheated over 10°С. Female mosquitoes sit on the clear liquid adhesive and are glued to it.

The purpose of the research is to study the patterns of vertical distribution of nematodes of wild perennial plants growing on the slopes of the Zerafshan mountains.

Materials and methods. Material was collected in Spring (April–May) in 2016–2018 by the route method. Objects of the research – nematodes living on 7 species of wild perennial plants collected in four high-altitude zones. To detect nematodes, we collected and analyzed samples of plants and basal soil of whole leaf cousin (Cousinia integrifolia F.), curly sorrel (Rumex crispus L.), camel thorn (Alhagi kirghisorum Sch.), creeping mustard (Acroptilon repens L.), looser loosestrife (Phlomis salicifolia Regel), onion barley (Hordeum bulbosum Torn.) and onion bluegrass (Poa bulbosa L.). The aboveground organs and the root system of plants, basal soil of the sod and sub-sod layers from a depth of 0–10 and 10–20 cm were also analyzed. A modified funnel method was used to isolate nematodes from plants and basal soil. In total, about 1200 plant and soil samples were collected. Atlases and determinants were used to identify nematode species. Morphometric measurements were carried out according to the de Man formula.

Results and discussion. In the examined wild plants and in their root soil, more than 14,000 nematodes of 121 species were found. All detected nematodes belong to two classes (Adenophorea, Secernentea), four subclasses (Enoplia, Chromadoria, Rhabditia, Diplogastria) and eight orders. Among the latter, the order Tylenchida is dominant, represented by 59 species, accounting for 48.2% of all detected nematodes. They are followed by orders of Rhabditida (29 species – 23.6%) and Dorylaimida (16 species – 13.8%). The orders Araeolaimida, Monhysterida and Mononchida have in their composition from four to seven species, the orders Triplonchida, Diplogasterida – only one species. In plants and basal soil from the upper zone of the mountain massif, 64 were found, the middle zone – 93, the lower zone – 104, the foothill zone – 79 species of nematodes. Representatives of the order Tylenchida dominate in all examined zones.