The purpose of the research is to systematize the long-term data on study of nematode fauna of Corvidae family birds of Volga river delta. Materials and methods. Data of helminthological researches carried out during the period from 1936 to 2017 in different landscape zones of Volga river delta are included into the project. The study of the species composition of the nematode fauna was carried out based on analysis of own and literature data received during helminthological autopsy of the Corvidae family birds belonging to 3 species: hooded crow (Corvus cornix Linnaeus, 1758), rook (Corvus frugilegus Linnaeus, 1758), magpie (Picapica Linnaeus, 1758). Traditional methods were used during collection and handling of helminthological material (Skryabin, 1928; Dubinina, 1955). Nematodes have been fixed by the mixture made from equal parts of 70% alcohol, lactic acid and 50% glycerol, 4% formalin solution or in Barbagallo liquid. Nematodes have been identified by famous indicators. Results and discussion. 480 specimen of Corvidae family birds, 170 specimen of which had been infested by nematode worms, were investigated in order to study helminthofauna at Volga river delta from 1936 to nowadays. Having summarized the literature data with the results from own study of Corvidae family parasitophauna we have made a taxonomical list including 17 species of nematodes. During the period from 1976 to 2017 we have been discovering 3 species of nematodes for the first time: Microtetrameres helix (Cram, 1927) - in a rook, Oxyspirura sygmoidea (Molin, 1860) - in a rook, a magpie and a hooded crow, Pseudaprocta decorata (Li, 1933) - in a magpie. 2 species of nematodes have been registered in Corvidae family as in new hosts in the studied region too. Baruscapillaria corvorum (Rudolphi, 1819) - in a hooded crow, a magpie and Diplotriaena tricuspis (Fedtschenko, 1874) - in a hooded crow.

The purpose of the research is to study the species composition of intestinal parasitosis agents in ruminant animals in citizens’ private farms in Vysokogorny and Laishevskiy districts of the Republic of Tatarstan. Materials and methods. The work has been executed in the Epizootology, Parasitology and Radiobiology Department at the Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Science named after N.E.Bauman and in citizens’ private farms in Vysokogorny and Laishevskiy districts of the Republic of Tatarstan during autumn-winter period in 2016-2017. 586 fecal specimen, including 364 samples of cattle, 168 samples of sheep and 54 samples of goats, have been studied by the modified method of flotation. Animals extent of invasion were determined as well as average number of helminth eggs and eimeria oocyst in 1 g of feces were calculated with the help of VIGIS count chamber. Kheisin key was used to identify eimeria types. Statistical analysis of numeric material was carried out with the help of Microsoft Excel spreadsheet processor. Results and discussion. Eggs of helminth classes Fasciola, Moniezia, Nematodirus, Trichocephalus as well as eimeria oocyst had been founded in cattle and small ruminants fecal specimen. On investigated areas the degree of infection by fascioles was 28.2%, by moniezia 41.5%, by nematodirus 52.7%, by trichocephalus 28.3%, and by eimeria 51.3%. Small ruminants were infected with fascioles in 56.5%, moniezia in 52.7%, thysaniezia in 15.7%, nematodirus in 58.1%, trichocephalus in 38.5%, and eimeria in 21.3%. Taking into consideration prevalence of parasitosis of ruminant animal in private farms of Vysokogorny and Laishevskiy districts of the Republic of Tatarstan it is necessary to make up a plan of antiparasitic measures inclusive of climate pattern and developmental biology of agents.

The purpose of the research is to study the lifespan of Lipoptena cervi imaginal forms under exposure of different temperature conditions and humidity. Materials and methods. L. cervi caught in natural habitats and taken off from marals’ skin served as the material for the research. Overall, 38 samplings have been conducted, 18 thousand L. cervi have been sampled. Caught imagoes were put into mattresses after suffocation with ether-chloroform mixture; the most viable insects were used in experiments. Research for L. cervi lifespan except host of volatiles (not fed) and taken off from marals were conducted under exposure of different temperature conditions and humidity as well as in different types of cages, in wool on skins that were taken off. L. cervi were kept in small quantities in free cages made of capron mesh. Results and discussion. The winged forms under mid-mountain zone conditions of the Republic of Altai can be seen from June up to October; wingless forms (on the feeders’ body) can be seen from June of the current year up to June of the following year and including. Chrysalides are present in nature throughout the year, as L. cervi can’t hatch out from chrysalides of the previous year generation fast enough in June and July before the chrysalides of the new generation begin to appear. The weight of the hatched out L. cervi is 7.9-11.5 mg, they die if the weight is decreased up to 3.0-3.9 mg. It would appear that, the energy and water reserve is 4.9-7.6 mg per one insect. Young not fed L. cervi live rather longer than sexually mature insects. The L. cervi lifespan reliably increases without food as the humidity increases. The longest lifespan is when the humidity is about 60-80% and temperature is about 14-16°С. In laboratory conditions, at the air temperature of about 20-25°C, the humidity of about 60-80%, and moderate airing the chrysalis development lasts for 90 days on the average.

The purpose of the research is the determination of resistance to low temperatures of invasioned nonencapsulated Trichinella spiralis and T. nativа Trichinella larvae in muscular tissue of animals as well as detection of opportunity to develop or keeping these larvae in muscular tissue under different positive temperature conditions. Materials and methods. The material for study and comparison were samples of muscular tissue of white rats experimentally infected by T. spiralis and T. nativа. In total 20 outbred white rats with body weight of 100-150 g were infected in a dose of 10 l/g. Animals were slaughtered in 15th, 16th, 17th, 24th and 30th day after infection. For comparative diagnostics and confidence of experiments only forced meat from hind legs of rats with body weight of 50 g per 1 l of simulated gastric fluid have been taken for peptolysis. The quantity of separated larvae and their morphology have been taking into account during microscopic examination after completion of operation period. Microscope ZEISS Primo Star. was used for microphotographing. Photomicrography of Trichinella separated after digestion on early terms (16-24 days) were made for detailing changes in the morphology of the evaluative larvae. Results and discussion. It hasbeen established that Trichinella larvae of this spice at theageof 17-18 days are nonsustained to low-temperature exploration and died within 24 hours at a temperature -7°С. Infective larvae nonencapsulated or with ill-defined capsule at the age of 24 and 30 days are nonsustained to low-temperature exploration and mainly died at -7-15°С within 24 hours. Nonencapsulated T. spiralis и T. nativа larvae aged 15, 16, and 17 days at positive temperature do not go on morphologically in muscular tissue of murdered animal but they can keep viability, and probably invasiveness in the process of decomposition during some period of time needed to rotation of host and as a result they can be the source of invasion.

Background: Hydatidosis is an infection caused by the cystic larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. This disease is a zoonotic disease has a worldwide distribution and common in developing and undeveloped countries. Objectives: The objective of the present study is to studying the infection rate and predilection seats of hydatid cyst affections among slaughtered food animals in Aswan Governorate, southern Egypt and study the effect of age and sex of infected slaughtered animals on the infection with hydatid cyst. Also, study the effect of seasonal variations in the infection with hydatid cyst among slaughtered animals. In addition, the macroscopic examination, microscopic examination, scanning electron microscopy and histopathological studies for the collected hydatid cyst are examined. Methods: This investigation was carried out from August 2015 to July 2016 in two main slaughterhouses in Aswan Governorate to study the hydatidosis in camels and sheep. By routine meat inspection, hydatid cyst count and characterization was conducted. Findings: A total of 2080 camels and 674 sheep were examined. Of these, 173 (8.32%) camels and 3 (0.45%) sheep were found to harbour one or more hydatid cysts. Female and older age slaughtered animals were more susceptible to infection with these metacestode than males and younger animals. Hydatid cyst infection in slaughtered animals is most commonly found in lung followed by liver while mixed infection in both lung and liver was found only in camel. Hydatid cyst in slaughtered camels was higher in autumn followed by winter, while hydatid cyst in slaughtered sheep was found only in autumn season. Fertile cysts in lung and liver of slaughtered camels was 83.4% and 30% respectively. While the fertility of hydatid cyst in infected lung and liver of sheep was 100%. Main conclusions: This study reported that slaughtered animals were infected with relatively high infection rate of hydatid cyst may be due to the presence of socio-economic conditions favourable for the disease and maintenance of high level of infection. So must design governmental control programs against hydatidosis to minimize the infection rate in Aswan Governorate and ensure effective protection not only for animal population but also for humans at risk of contracting the infection.

The purpose of the research - cattle dictyocaulosis studying under the conditions of dairy cattle breeding in Vologda oblast. Materials and methods. In 2006-2015, the main issues of the dictyocaulosis epizootology have been studied, and measures for effective therapy and prevention have been developed. Results and discussion. Infestation with dictyocaulus in different climatic and geographical zones of the oblast is dissimilar. The greatest infestation was noted in the northwest zone, and the lowest in the southwest one. A parasitizing of Dictyocaulus viviparus was found out. Infestation of animals occurs in the summer grazing season. Prevalence reaches maximum in September (82.4%) under the infection intensity, on average, 150.7 ± 8.8 units per animal. Dictyocaulus larvae were first found in feces in the second decade of June. The most infected are animals 1-2 years old. Preparations helmicide and fesol are the most effective for dehelminthization against dictyocaulus. Given the foregoing, measures for the therapy and prevention of cattle dictyocaulosis in the non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation have been developed.

The purpose of the research is real-time development of PCR method for diagnostics of anaplasmosis in cattle. Materials and methods. For real time development of primers and fluorescence-labeled probe for PCR msp1α gene sequences 57 isolates Anaplasma marginale available on database Genbank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/) were used. Conservative areas of msp1α gene were revealed with Сlustal Omega programme (https://www.ebi.ac .uk/Tools/msa/clustalo/). Specificity of primers and probe were checked experimentally in silico using BLASTN programme (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) on the animals’ blood samples infected by AnaplasmaA. ovis, A. centrale, A. bovis, A. phagocytophilum и A. platys, and sequence analysis of amplicon by Sanger’s method. pGEM-msp1α plasmid designed by us containing msp1α gene fragment with a length of 207 bps was used to assess of sensitivity of the method. Results and discussion. PCR method has been developed in real time mode to detect A. marginale anaplasmosis agent in cattle. Primers and fluorescence-labeled probe have been developed to amplify and detect msp1α gene fragment with a length of 207 bps and PCR conditions have been optimized. Sensitivity of the method allows to detect one copy of msp1а gene copy of А. marginale in analysed DNA sample. Specificity of method allows to differentiate A. marginale from other anaplasma types (A. ovis, A. bovis, A. centrale, A. phagocytophilum, A. platys). The developed method can be used to detect and assess А. Marginale quantitatively in blood samples of infected animals in order to prove the diagnosis as well as to perform epizootological monitoring of anaplasmosis in cattle.

The purpose of the research is to study methods of dirofilariosis diagnostics in comparative aspect and give analysis of therapy and prophylactics means. Materials and methods. Blood films of spontaneously infected dogs and experiment dogs and puppies were material for research. There were 5 puppies and 12 dogs of different age. After the death from dirofilariosis in experimental dogs, organs and tissues were examined, heart was opened and sexually mature dirofilarias were found. The sample for analysis was diluted with saline, the precipitate was examined under a microscope. A thick blood smear was stained using the Romanovsky-Giemsa method and was microscopically enlarged 140 times. To study blood and detect microfilaria in the blood, concentration methods were used: the Knott method using 1ml of fresh blood and 10 ml of a 2% formalin solution, the method using a 5% solution of acetic acid. Results and discussion. All studied methods are effective for detection microfilariae in the blood samples, however, the preferred method for us was the centrifugation method with distilled water, developed by V.B. and the method of thick crushed blood drop, since the detected microfilaria larvae remained viable and were used in experiments on the viability of microfilariae. Of the 45 samples examined, 10 detected microfilariae D. immitis. However, in most cases, the final diagnosis of dirofilariasis was made after the death of the host. In the zone endemic to the dirofilariasis, it is necessary to carry out continuous treatment of water reservoirs. Residential and non-residential premises treated with insecticides. Survey and de-worming of the invasive domestic dogs are carried out in the spring-summer period. Selamectin, moxidexin, ivermectin, dectomax, novomek, otodectin and others are applied. To prevent mosquitoes from contacting pets and humans long-acting repellents in the form of a spray, powder, emulsion, lotions are the most convenient to use.

The purpose of the research is to study the effectiveness of «Neoterica Protecto 12» product as polymer tape to prevent myiasis of dogs andcats. Materials and methods. In course of the experiment, spontaneously infected dogs and cats of different ages and breeds were used. The animals were not treated with anti-parasitic drugs for the previous 30 days; they had not been wearing insecticide collars for three months. The diagnosis was made comprehensively taking into account the epizootological data, clinical features and on the basis of careful examination and detection of ectoparasites and their eggs on the skin-and-coat of animals. The intensity of the invasion of animals was estimated by visual rating of insects on the animal's body parts (abdomen, head, lumbar region, and edge bone, inguinal and perineal zone) with a size of 10 × 10 cm. Results and discussion. The high therapeutic effectiveness of the product was found to be 100% when the animals were infected with Ctenocephalides canis, C. felis, Felicola subrostratus, Trichodectes canis and Linognathus setosus ectoparasites. No animal infected with ectoparasites was found within 28 days of applying the collar. No behavior changes and characteristic symptoms were found when observing the animals; general condition of the animals did not deteriorate. Clinical examination showed no evidence of itching; the restoration of skin and coat where scratches and alopecia were earlier noted. The re-infection of dogs and cats with ectoparasites during the following 6 months is hardly in evidence.

The purpose of the research is to determine the therapeutic efficiency of the moxidectin-based domestic anthelmintics and develop protocol of medical and preventive activities in dog's dirofilariasis under the conditions of Central Black Earth Region of Russia. Materials and methods. Blood from ill dogs infected naturally with both species of dirofilariases that was tested for presence of helminths' larvae by Millipore® (Ireland) membrane filter method served as the material for the research. Experimental groups were formed out of 76 infected with dirofilariasis dogs aged 1-14 years under the principle of analogs to determine the therapeutic efficiency of moxidectin-based domestic anthelmintics. Drugs weren’t administered into intact animals of the first group (n = 21). MKTc Ankir-B® in the dose of 500 mg per animal was administered orally to animals of the second group (n = 19) as placebo. Inspector Total C anthelmintic was administered in the single dose of 2.5 mg per kg of body weight to the third group of dogs (n = 19) epidermally, Helmimax anthelmintic was administered in the single dose of 0.25 mg per kg of body weight orally to animals of the fourth group (n = 17). During experiments animals were examined clinically and hemolarvoscopically before administration of drugs and on the 3rd, 14th, 30th, 45th and 60th day after administration. Results and discussion. Inspector Total C anthelmintic in the dose of 2.5 mg per kg according to an active substance in the form of spot-on and Helmimax anthelmintic in the dose of 0.25 mg per kg according to an active substance in single administration in dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens species dirofilariasis have 100 % microfilaricidal efficiency. Anthelmintics do not change physiological parameters, do not cause side effects and well tolerated by animals. It should be noted that drugs therapeutic action starts on the third day after treatment regardless of the infection intensity and germ's species. Complete demolition of dirofilariasis adult stages are achieved in chronic administration during 6 months (once per month).

The purpose of the research to study the antihelminthic efficiency of the new antihelminthic medication asmegum. Materials and methods. The object of the research is the antihelminthic medication asmegum, which has been synthesized at the Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic by streamlined synthesis. Asmegum was tested on 45 spontaneously infested sheep born in 2015 with the body weight of about 40-50 kg at the experimental base of the Kyrgyz Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary named after A. Duysheev. Animals were divided into 9 groups, 5 animals in each group, according to the principle of analogues. All test animals were kept under the same conditions. Asmegum was given orally as a single dose in the form of water emulsion, powder and medicated feed mixture at a dose of 50 mg/kg of live weight. Animals from the 1st, 2nd and 3rd groups received asmegum in a water emulsion form. Animals from the 4th, 5th and 6th groups received the medication in a powder form. Sheep from the 7th, 8th and 9th groups received asmegum in a medicated feed mixture form. The animals were monitored during 10 days. The anthelminthic activity of the medication was determined according to the results of coproovolarscopical (by Fulleborn's method, sequential washing method and Berman's method) research in 10 days after giving medication. The therapeutic efficiency of the anthelmintic agent was assessed according to the requirements of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (1995). Results and discussion. The asmegum efficiency at a dose of 50 mg/kg versus strongylata, nematodiroses and dicrocelium was determined. Its efficiency in strongylatosis, dicroceliosis and nematodirus was 90.3-91.28%, 89.76-92.0% and 86.52-91.56% respectively. The medication dosage form did not effect its efficiency. Asmegum administration in a recommended dose did not induce adverse events in animals. The medication promoted the intestine function regeneration. Sheep treated with asmegun bulked up quickly due to presence of asparaginic acid in its composition.

The purpose of the research is to analyze situation with control measures against animals with ectoparasitoses by the means of bringing environmentally safe and easy to use medicinal products to animal industry. Materials and methods. Literature has been studied and situation on extension of the major parasitic arthopods in animals have been analyzed in the Republic of Belarus. Evaluation of results of administration of Stomozan, Ektocin-5, Ratoks, Pharmacidol-600 as well as Rivertin, Univerm, aversectin paste and Pharmacine. Results and discussion. It is necessary to carry out disinfestation of outer walls, summer sheds, fences by the means of Stomozan, Ektocin-5, Ratoks, Pharmacidol-600 in order to eliminate parasitic insects and mites. Animals might be treated by these drugs. During the winter animals are treated by insect-powder, unctures, liniments. At the onset of warm weather animals are treated by liquid acaricides at all times. Drugs from the pyrethroids, macrocyclic lactone, organic sulphur-containing compound groups are administered more frequent. But summer spraying do not guarantee 100 % impact against gadfly diseases. For horse treatment Rivertin can be used in the dose of 0.1 mg per kg of animal body weight per os with food dualfold in 24 hours; Univerm can be used in the dose of 0.1 mg per kg per os with food dualfold in 24 hours; 2% Aversectin paste can be used in the dose of 1 g per 100 kg of body weight per os dualfold every other day. Pharmacine in the single dose of 0.4 ml (2 injections of 0.2 ml) intradermally in the neck is recommended to use for treatment of hypodermatosis. Intradermal administration of Pharmacine is effective during the period from September, 15 to March (as far as swellings are appeared under the skin). If larvae formed velum under the skin, the dose should be increased.

The purpose of the research: toxicological evaluation of a medicinal product for veterinary use "Neoterica Protecto 12" on laboratory animals. Materials and methods. White outbred rats, mice and guinea pigs were used in the experiment. In the study of acute oral toxicity in mice and rats, acute cutaneous toxicity, subacute toxicity, irritant action of an aqueous suspension of a combination of active substances, allergenic properties of the collar «Neoterika Protecto 12» conventional methods were used. Results and discussion. The median lethal doses LD50 for oral supplementation to white mice (1070 mg/kg) and oral supplementation to white rats (3210 mg/kg) were diagnosed, which allowed to designate the preparation to the 3rd hazard class (moderately hazardous substances). In the study of acute cutaneous toxicity on white rats LD50 amounted to more than 10 000 mg/kg, therefore, according to the generally accepted hygienic classification, the preparation belongs to the 4th hazard class during cutaneous application. In the study of subacute toxicity of the medication on rats for 6 months after application of the aqueous suspension of the combination of active ingredients in doses of 1000, 500 and 200 mg/kg, no changes in general state and behavior were observed in animals. When an aqueous suspension of a combination of active substances of the collar was applied to the skin of rats, there were no signs of irritant effect, but a mild effect on the mucous membrane of the guinea pig's eyes was recorded. It was found that the preparation does not have allergic and sensitizing effects.

The purpose of the research: studying the excretion period of triclabendazole residual and its metabolites after triclafascid application on productive animals. Materials and methods. Researches were carried out on 12 sheep of Romanov breed at the age of 1 year. The animals selected in the experiment were divided according to the principle of analogues into 4 groups (control and 3 experimental) for 3 animals in every slaughter period. Triclafascid was administered to the sheep of the three experimental groups on a single occasion at a therapeutic dose of 2.0 mg/kg under active ingredient (20 mg/kg of preparation) orally individually in the form of an aqueous solution by means of rubber bottle; control animals did not take a preparation. Initially, the sheep of the control group were slaughtered, and then experimental sheep were slaughtered after the application of triclafascid at 7, 14 and 21 days. Liver, kidneys, muscle tissue, heart, lungs and skin with subcutaneous fat were collected for the research. Triclabendazole content and its metabolites was determined by high performance liquid chromatography method (HPLC) with fluorometric detection. Analytes determination was performed on Agilent 1260 liquid chromatograph (USA) with a column for reverse phase HPLC Kromasil-100-3.5-C18 and a pre-column Phenomenex C18. Results and discussion. After animals dehelminthization with triclafascid at a therapeutic dose of 2.0 mg/kg, no drug residual and its metabolites were detected in muscles, fat, lungs, spleen, kidneys on the 7th day. Traces remain in all animals in the liver after 14 days. Residual amounts of triclabendazole-sulfoxide and sulfone were not found in the tissues on the 21st day of the experiment. Animals slaughtering for household needs and using of forcibly killed animals’ meat for food can be allowed after 15 days after dehelminthization.