Objective of research: The objective of this study was to investigate the fauna, features of distribution and ecology of nematodes of the order Spirurida - parasites of cattle from Uzbekistan. Material and methods. Cattle and isolated animal organs were investigated by the method of complete and incomplete autopsies. Blood samples and animal skin biopsies were studied. Flies (Diptera) and beetles, intermediate hosts of nematodes, were collected and studied in places of cattle concentration, in spring, summer and autumn. Results and discussion: In animals of Uzbekistan 11 species of Spirurida nematodes belonging to two suborders were identified. Spirurata are represented by 7 species, Filariata by 4. The landscape distribution of the mentioned species of Spirurida and their biocenotic connections to corresponding hosts under conditions of Uzbekistan were determined.

Objective of research: The purpose of our research was to study the diversity of parasitic worms of the Altai zokor Myospalax myospalax, Asian endemic rodent, in the northern part of the range. Materials and methods: In summer 2013-2015, 26 specimens of the Altai zokor from eight localities of the south part of the Tomsk region were examined by complete helminthological dissection of individual organs. Results and discussion: Four helminth species were registered in the investigated area: nematode Heligmoptera sibirica, cestodes Versteria mustelae larva and Paranoplocephala sp., as well as the acanthocephalan Moniliformis clarki. Previously discovered species except H. sibirica, were not detected in the Altai zokor. Altogether, taking into account the present study, in M. myospalax were registered 6 species of parasitic worms from which nematodes of the genus Heligmoptera are dominant and narrowly specific parasites of zokors.

The aim of the study was to investigate a species composition of parasites and microorganisms and determine infection rate of Caspian herrings. Methods and materials. The objects of the study were Caspian and big-eyed shad, Alosa braschnikowi, that were caught at the aquatic area of the Northern Caspian Sea in spring period 2014, 2015. Collection and processing material was carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods in parasitology and microbiology. Scientists used determinants in species identification. Results and discussion. Parasitophauna of Alosa braschnikowi, Caspian and big-eyed shads were presented by 7 species, relative to classes: Monogenoidea - 1; Crustacea - 1; Trematoda - 2; Nematoda - 2; Acanthocephala - 1. Wide-ranging enteral trematodes Pseudopentagramma symmetricum induce high level of infection of herrings. Fauna is the most variously presented by Caspian big-eyed shads. Fluctuations in parasitophauna structure are connected with ecological conditions, food chains and specificity of parasites to theirs hosts. Indicators of transformation processes of ecosystems are indicator species of parasites and fish microorganisms. As a part of the study it is estimated, that internal organs and gills of herrings were contaminated by microorganisms. The maximum number of bacterium was noted in intestines and gills. The Enterobacteriaceae microorganisms held the dominant position. Besides bacterium there are have been revealed cystophores of micromycetes in liver and spleen in the process of organs microscopic examination. All revealed parasites and microorganisms were characterized by epizootic and epidemiologic significance. However they coexist on the level of symptom-free carriage, without exhibiting the development of invasive and infectious processes in the body of the examined fishes.

The research objective - Analysis of helminthfauna of glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus, 1767) in the Barents Sea and assess the feasibility of their use as indicators of parasitological situation in the region. Materials and methods. The samples were taken from literature data on helmintofauna of glaucous gulls in different regions of the Barents Sea - the Northern part of the Kola Bay, the Southern and Northern Novaya Zemlya Islands, the archipelagos of Franz-Josef Land and Spitzbergen, Bear Island, and south-eastern part of the Barents Sea (Pechora Sea). The species composition of helminthes and quantitative parameters of birds infestation (prevalence of infestation, PI, and abundance index, AI) were determined. Statistical analysis of results using F-distribution and the estimation of the similarity of the composition of the helminthfauna of glaucous gulls and several other bird species in the Barents Sea using S0rensen-Dice index were conducted. A comparison of birds infestation in the western part (Spitsbergen, Bear Island, Kola Bay) and eastern part (Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Vaygach Island) of the Barents Sea was conducted also. Results and discussion. It was established that helminthfauna of glaucous gulls in the Barents Sea are characterized by high species diversity (34 species - 8 species of trematodes, 16 species of cestodes, 8 species of nematodes, 2 species of acanthocephalans) and low values of quantitative parameters of infestation (PI and AI). In species diversity of helminthfauna of all birds of the Barents Sea glaucous gulls are second only to herring gulls. This is primarily due to the wide distribution and high trophic flexibility of glaucous gulls. Low values of the parameters of infestation, apparently, are explained by, firstly, adverse environmental conditions and low diversity of potential intermediate hosts of helminths in Arctic communities, and secondly, using by glaucous gulls of those options food strategy in which the chances of infection by parasites are minimal - predation, collecting food waste and ground feed. It is revealed that helminthfauna of the birds in the western part of the Barents Sea is more diverse as compared to that in the eastern part due to more favourable conditions for circulation of many parasites. The analysis showed that the resolution of the glaucous gulls using as indicator species “parasitologal background” in the Barents Sea can be quite high, and at the moment this species of bird seems to be the most promising target for this purpose.

Objective of research: On the basis of the original material collected from 2014 to 2016, to study the species composition and features of the ecology of flies (Diptera, Hippoboscidae) parasitizing birds in forest biotopes of the north-eastern part of Meshchera. Material and methods: In 2014 - 2016, more than 9,000 birds were caught, from which 174 louse-flies (Hippoboscidae) were collected and examined. Results and discussion: The fauna of flies parasitizing birds in the forests of the northeastern Meshchera (Vladimir region) is represented by two species: Ornithomya avicularia L., 1758 and Ornithomya fringillina Curtis, 1836. For the studied area, the question of the seasonal and diurnal dynamics of the bloodsucker-parasites of birds was first considered, the frequency of occurrence of flies in the different species of birds, as well as in young and adult birds was determined. For the first time, the connection of flies with such species of birds as: Locustella fluviatilis (Wolf, 1810), Acrocephalus palustris (Bechstein, 1798), Parus cristatus (L., 1758), Emberiza schoeniclus (L., 1758), Regulus regulus (L., 1758).

Objective of research: The study of Semisulcospiro cancellata, the first intermediate host of Metagonimus yokogawai (Katsurada, 1912) on the territory of the Amur region. Materials and methods: The following methods were used in the present paper: 1. Examination of the mollusk’s liver for the presence of trematode larvae was conducted. Development of parthenogenetic generation of the parasite from generic cells up to the release of cercaria was observed. 2. Intensity of parasitic infection in mollusk’s liver was studied. Results and discussion: The structure of M. yokogawai rediae and formation of partenites in the liver of mollusk S. cancellata were described.

Objective of research: To evaluate the epizootic situation on parasitoses in wild cloven-hoofed animals from the northern forest subzone of Belarus and estimate the efficiency of broad spectrum anthelmintics. Materials and methods: As research material served ecological and parasitological investigations of wild cloven-hoofed animals at 3 stationary (SNI NP «Braslav’s lakes», SNI «Berezinskiy biosphere reserve», SFI «Begomlskiy forestry») and hunting organizations of forest subzone of Belarus. 498 samples of excrements, samples of organs and body tissues from 119 shot animals were investigated by standard methods. Statistical processing of collected material enabled to estimate the invasion extensity (IE) and invasion intensity (II). Comparative studies of antiparasitic efficacy of timbendazole (22% granulate of fenbendazole) at the dose of 45 mg/kg and a new complex of broad-spectrum anthelmintics (poliparacid and pentavet) at the dose of 50 mg/kg were conducted. Preparations were given to wild cloven-hoofed animals animals with feed within two days at feeding places under production conditions. Results and discussion: Helminthological research revealed that wild boars were infected by 14 helminth species belonging to 4 classes (Trematoda, Cestoda, Nematoda and Acanthocephala). Nematode class is the most numerous and represented by 9 species, Cestoda class contains 3 species, Trematoda and Acanthocephala class - only 1 species each. 13 helminth species belonging to 3 classes (Trematoda, Nematoda, Cestosa) and 1 species of Amery from Sporozoa class were registered among elks. Chabertia (73,1 %) are often found in European roe deer. In 60,9 % of animals at the same time were detected Trichocephalus, Oesophagostoma and Bunostomum (26,6 %). High parasite infection levels in wild animals were registered in mixed coniferous-small-leaved forests. In wild cloven-hoofed animals the nematode class is represented by the largest amount of species. Metastrongylosis is widely distributed in wild boars, mecistocirrosis and strongyloidosis in elks, and trichostrongylosis in European roe deer. New antiparasitic complex drugs Poliparacid and Pentavet have proved highly effective for dehelminthization of wild animals.

Objective of research: Comparative studies of qualitative indexes of meat from healthy fish and fish infected with ligulosis for its further sanitary assessment. Materials and methods: As research material served the breams infected with Ligula and free from them (by 30 ind.) caught by amateur fishermen in reservoirs of Moscow region. Fish invasion was studied by K.I.Skryabin method of incomplete helminthological dissection; age of fish was detected on scale; after that weighing was carried out. Microbiological examination of meat from sick and healthy fishes was conducted according to «The instruction for sanitary and microbiological control of food products from fish and sea invertebrates» (Sazonova A. S., etc., 1991). Determination of free and bound amino acids in a water extract of muscular tissue of fishes was carried out by method of a capillary electrophoresis. Toxic elements in fishes were detected by methods of atomic-emission and absorbing spectrometry. Results and discussion: Growth retardation of breams infected with ligulosis rises with age (intensity of infection 1-2 ind. per head); that is displayed in their weight reduction. All unreplaceable amino acids were found in proteins of muscular tissue of fishes. However, fishes infected with ligulosis had lower levels of amino acids that indicates a decrease in nutrition value of a food product. Microbiological research of fish meat showed that MAFAM (number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms) was higher in muscular tissue of breams infected with ligulosis (10х10⁵), and in meat of healthy fish - 5,5х10³ that did not exceed the maximum allowable concentration values. Bacteria of colibacillus group, staphylococcus, salmonellas and L.monocytogenes in were not determined in all fish samples. In muscle tissue samples isolated from all studied fishes, the levels of lead, cadmium and arsenic did not exceed the maximum allowable concentrations. Mercury wasn’t ever revealed in none of studied samples. The results of our research confirmed the safety of bream meat infected with ligulosis for the consumer.

Development of drug resistance in parasitic organisms, including nematodes, makes it necessary, on one side to study molecular mechanisms of such resistance formation, on the other side, to find new biological targets to reduce the spread of infections. One of such targets in parasitic nematodes may be a distal section of nematode female reproductive system - vagina or ovijector. It is a critically important muscle organ of nematodes reproductive system with main physiological functions of ejecting infective eggs into host intestine and catching male sperm. The goal of the article is review and analysis of literature data on effects of some endogenous neuropeptides (FMRF-like peptides) on muscles of distal part of vagina vera of Ascaris suum parasitic nematode. The article also considered possibilities for using a distal part of reproductive system of female nematodes as one of biological targets for potential anthelmintics synthesized on the basis of FMRFamide-like neuropeptides to fight against nematodosis of humans, animals and plants.

Objective of research: The development of new methods of complex treatment and prevention of common scab of sheep. Materials and methods: Medical treatment was provided to 60 sheep from a sheep farm of Khasavyurt region spontaneously infected with Psoroptes ovis. Sheep were divided into three groups, 20 head in each. The animals of the first group received once subcutaneously Ivermec at the dose of 1,0 ml per 50kg of body mass, and Roncoleukin at the dose of 5000 IU/kg. The animals of the second group were injected subcutaneously with Ivomec at the dose of 1,0/50 kg of body mass. The third group served as control and did not receive the preparation. Before and 12, 40, 60 and 70 days after treatment, we took skin scrapings from sheep of all three groups and conducted an acarological research for the presence of ticks Psoroptes ovis. The obtained results were processed statistically with the use of the computer program «Biometry» Results and discussion: The single subcutaneous use of Ivermec at the dose of 0,2 mg/kg of animal’s body mass + Roncoleukin at the dose of 5000 IU/kg of body mass enables to prevent common scab of sheep on average within 65-70 days, and Ivomec at the dose of 0,2 mg/kg applied subcutaneously - within 37-40 days. According to the results of sheep shearing conducted after 65-70 days of drug injection, a small number of foci of the size 2-5 cm was found in sheep of the first group. The infestation occurred approximately 60-70 days after the single subcutaneous administration of Ivermec at the dose of 0,2 mg/kg + Roncoleukin at the dose of 5000 IU/kg. Multiple foci of the size 5-10 cm were detected in sheep of the second group. Infestation took place approximately 37-40 days after Ivomec injection. In sheep of the third group a generalized form of common scab was registered.

Objective of research. The aim of this study was to estimate of acute oral toxicity for white mice and determine the hazard class of chlorfenapyr-containing baits for mammals. Materials and methods. The material of study was the insecticidal chlorfenapyr-containing bait containing the active ingredient chlorfenapyr. Experiments were carried out on laboratory animals (white mice of both gender), that after a quarantine for seven days and 24 hours of starvation were given the preparation at the dose 50-1100 mg per kg of body mass. Animals of the control group received a standard feed in the same amount. We observed animals of control and experimental groups for 10 days. According to the results of the experiment, we calculated the lethal doses (LD₁₆, LD₅₀, LD₈₄)using the probit analysis As the half-lethal dose of the bait is in the range of 151-5000 mg/kg, it was referred according to gOsT 12.1.007-76 to the 3^rd hazard class (moderate dangerous substances). Results and discussion. The use of the bait at the dose of 50 mg per 1 kg of body mass did not cause any toxic effects. When the dose was increased up to 100 mg per kg of body mass or more, we registered the signs of intoxication in the first 2-4 hours. We observed lethargy, muscular fibrillation, salivation. With the next 10 days no death was registered; the status of animal returned to the normal 24-48 hours after beginning of experiment. The lethal dose (LD) that led to the death of experimental animals was 1100 mg per kg of body mass. Calculated effective doses of the bait were as follows: LD₁₆ 186,0 (84,7+408,6); LD₅₀ 620,3 (355,6+1082,2), and LD₈₄ 2069,0 (941,9+4545,1) mg per kg of body mass. According to our results of acute toxicity parameters for white mice, insecticidal chlorfenapyr-containing bait belongs to the third hazard class (moderately hazardous substances).

The purpose of the study: embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of a new domestic supramolecular complex of triclabendazole “Triclafascid”. Materials and methods. Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of new domestic formulations studied Triclafascid accordance with the “Manual on experimental (preclinical) study of new pharmacological substances”. The study embryotrophic actions supramolecular complex preparation on the basis of the substance of triclabendazole was performed on 40 white mongrel female rats weighing 220-260g and 10 males, in accordance with the guidelines on the assessment of the impact of drugs on generative function of animals. To rats-females were placed overnight male ratio of 1:4. Detection of sperm in the vaginal smear, the females, on the morning after the infusion of the male is pointed at fertilization -the first day of pregnancy. Since the sensitivity of the embryo to chemical and depends on the various stages of fetal development, the animals were divided into 4 groups of 10 animals each. Triclafascid was administered orally to pregnant females three times increased therapeutic dose of 6.0 mg/kg (60 mg/kg of the drug), the first group 1 on day 6 of pregnancy, the second from 7 - 14, third 15 and 19, the fourth group served as control and received 1% starch gel. On the 20th pregnancy day, the rats were euthanized with carbon dioxide. After slaughter and opening of the abdominal cavity have been removed the uterus with the fruit. Counted the number of yellow bodies of pregnancy, places of implantation, resorption, live and dead embryos. To assess the embryotoxic effect of the fruits were viewed under binocular magnifying glass to detect external anomalies, weighed, measured the cranio-caudal size, weight and diameter of placenta. Was determined pre - and postimplantation loss and total embryonic mortality of embryos. After inspection, the embryos from each rat was divided into two equal groups: the first were fixed in solution of Bouin for 14 days to study the internal organs of fetuses, and anomalies in developing fetuses, which are indications of teratogenic effect is determined by the method of J. G. Wilson (1965) in modification of the Department of embryology held the Academy of medical Sciences of the USSR (the scheme of transects made through the fetus); the second was fixed in 96 alcohol for study of the bone system after its dyeing by the method of Dawson (A. B. Dawson, 1926). The parameters obtained were processed by variation statistics with the help of simple comparisons of average according to the bilateral student’s t-test. The difference was determined at 0.05 level of significance. The calculations were performed using the “Student-200”. The results and discussion. As shown by the results of studies Triclafascid showed no embryotoxic activity when exposed to 3-fold increased therapeutic dose of 6.0 mg/kg po DV. So, overall, pre-and postimplantation mortality of fetuses in the experimental and control groups did not differ significantly, as with the introduction of the drug for 1-6 days of pregnancy and 7 -14 and 15 - 19 days. Based on these data it can be concluded that the drug Triclafascid has no negative influence on embryonic development. Values pre - and postimplantation and total embryonic mortality of experimental animals in comparison with control values, we can say that the drug did not induce the death of embryos in different periods of embryogenesis. The mass and size of the fruit also did not differ from the control, which indicates the absence of embryotoxic effect. A careful visual inspection of fruits in all experimental groups was not detected for any external malformations compared with controls. By the execution of nine sagittal sections of internal abnormalities, malformations of the internal organs, disorders of the topography was found. A teratogenic effect characterized by different anomalies of the internal organs of fetuses (Wilson’s method) and external defects were also not observed. When studying the skeletal system: the sizes of the rudiments of the shoulder; brachial; ulnar; radial; femoral; large and small tibial bones from experimental and control embryos were similar in metrics (length, mm). The condition of the bone system was unchanged (P>0,05). Therefore, Triclafascid showed no teratogenic activity when exposed at critical periods of embryogenesis of rats.

With the usuing of mechanochemical nanotechnology in the mills of shock-attrition type with adjustable energy densities, developed 10 innovative drugs in the form of supramolecular complexes on the basis triclabendazole with various water-soluble polymers without participation of the liquid phase in one stage. They are fine dry water-soluble powders with a particle size of 1-10 microns. All tested supramolecular complexes of triclabendazole against sexually Mature at 5, and immature Fasciala 10 times more effective than the drug substance of Tticlabendazole. For technical and economic reasons the most optimal product for introduction into veterinary practice is the complex Tticlabendazole, with a water-soluble polysaccharide arabinogalactan, extracted from larch, environmentally and safe product that is widely used in medicine. It is known that water-insoluble anthelmintic, applied to animals orally, to 70.0% excreted into the environment unchanged in the faeces, contaminating the environment. Water-soluble supramolecular complexe Tticlabendazole used in a reduced dose, soaked in blood, provide a high biological availability. In the future, they are broken down and eliminated in the urine from the body in miniscule amounts, without polluting the environment. These positive signs supramolecular complex compared with the substance triclabendazole anthelmintic and provide high economic efficiency and safety.

Objective of research: To investigate emryotoxic and teratogenic properties of anthelmintic «Triclabendazole suspension of 5%» on white outbred rats. Materials and methods: Experiments were conducted on 72 pregnant albino rats weighing 235-260 g that were divided into six groups: three experimental (by 16 pregnant females each) and three control groups (8 pregnant females each). The rats from experimental groups were injected by suspension into the stomach at a dose of 36 mg/kg (3-fold therapeutic dose for cattle) in critical periods of embryogenesis as follows: 1 to 7 days of pregnancy (I group); 8 to 14 (II group) and from 1 to 19 days of pregnancy (III group). Control animals were injected with a physiological solution in an appropriate volume. Embryotoxic effect of the drug was evaluated by pre-implantation death of zygotes, and post-implantation death of embryos and total embryonic mortality. Teratogenic effect was estimated on organogenesis disorders in utero and changes in bone system of the fetus. Results and discussion: It was found that the general status and behavior of rats receiving the anthelmintic drug “Triclabendazole suspension 5%” at the dose of 36 mg a.i./kg remained without changes in all periods of pregnancy. The animals consumed food and water with pleasure, responded adequately to external stimuli. “Triclabendazole suspension 5%” at the dose of 36 mg a.i./kg as an intragastric injection applied during critical periods of pregnancy does not induce pre-implantation, post-implantation and total embryonic mortality, and does not cause organogenesis disorders in utero and changes in bone system of the fetus.

The aim of the study is to analyze and summarize the existing veterinary, ecological and technological requirements and norms that ensure optimal conditions for the reproduction and cultivation of fish and their health in carp breeding fish farms. Materials and methods. Informational and analytical methods were used to generalize the veterinary, ecological and technological requirements to the growing conditions (water quality, artificial feeds) and the health status of fish in carp fish farms, and to analyze veterinary and sanitary measures and control their implementation in the technological cycle of reproduction and Cultivation of fish in breeding carp farms. At the same time, domestic regulations for breeding and commercial fish farms, approved according to established order. Results and discussion. Prevention is a preventative measure in the fight against fish diseases. It is aimed at compliance with veterinary norms and requirements in specialized breeding carp farms, as well as on conducting preventive veterinary-sanitary and fish-reclamation measures during the whole technological cycle of reproduction and growing fish. In the timely implementation of these measures, a significant role is assigned to veterinary control. It is aimed at maintaining the epizootic well-being of the economy and includes checking the implementation of the annual plan for preventive and veterinary-sanitary measures and environmental and technological requirements that provide fish health, as well as recommendations for improving the veterinary and ecological-technological state of the breeding fish farm in order to increase production of a highly productive, competitive environment. Safe breeding products.

Objective of research: test the complex program using Deleghol Pro and Baikok 2.5%, which have a disastrous effect on all stages of development of the emmeries, both inside the chicken organism and in the external environment. Materials and methods: studies on the production test of a comprehensive program to control the exo- and endogenous stages of the emery were carried out from September to November 2016 in the conditions of the poultry holding “White Bird” of the Belgorod Region. To establish initial contamination, sampling of litter from 10 poultry houses after slaughter of the previous batch and scrapings from cracks and joints of the floor before processing with a 4% solution of the “Delegol Pro” preparation for disinfection of the floor and walls, up to 0.5 m from the floor at the norm Flow rate 0.5 l / m2 with 2 hours exposure. Residual contamination of environmental objects with oocysts Eimeria spp. and evaluation of the efficiency of Delegol Pro treatment against the endogenous stages of development of the eimeries was carried out on the next day after treatment by taking scrapings from different parts of the floor, from cracks, slits, and they were examined according to the combined Darling method. Sensitivity to coccidiostatics of field crops Eimeria spp., isolated from poultry litter, was established in the laboratory of VNIVIP At the second stage of the program, the efficacy of the “Baikox 2.5%” preparation was tested against the endogenous stages of development of the emery against the background of the use of the ionophore feed coccidiostatic salinomycin. At the age of 8-10 days, the total number of chickens (34 houses) was prescribed with drinking water the recommended _ _ dose of “Baikox 2.5%”. Subsequently, the chickens received feed containing salinomycin. The evaluation of therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of this program was carried out according to the data of co-proskating studies before the appointment of “Baikox 2.5%”, then one, two, three and four weeks after drinking and finally - before the slaughter of the bird. In order to establish the degree of contamination with eimerias in the previous and experimental batches at the beginning and during the test, simultaneously with the extent of invasion, the intensity of the eimeriosis invasion was established by counting the number of oocysts in 1 g of litter (litter, scrapes) using the Mack Master chamber. Results and discussion: studies have shown that before the application of the Bayer program, the sex and litter of the investigated poultry houses were significantly contaminated with invasive elements: the Eimeria oocysts, the red chicken mite, the litter mite, the beetle hruschak, the nematode eggs - the ascaridia, the heterakis (EI 30-100% ). After disinfection with the drug “Delegol Pro”, a noticeable decrease in the content of exogenous parasites in the cracks of the floor and in the litter was established. Already in the middle of the tour, experienced poultry houses were practically free of previously existing parasites. At the end of the tour, it was recorded the appearance of a small amount of only litter mites and a low level of oocysts of the emery, necessary to maintain immunity. The appointment of “Baikox 2.5%” with drinking water for 8-10 days of life of broilers against the background of the use of fodder coccidiostatic salinomycin significantly improved the program used to combat eimeriosis, as the drug had a disastrous effect on the endogenous stages of the emery, but not only did not prevent the formation of immunity to coccidiosis, but even strengthened it. The results of the study showed that the average number of oocysts in the litter at the end of the round of the experimental batch of poultry decreased by 68.9% compared to the previous round.