Terms of development of embryonated eggs of Trichocephalus spp. and their viability on pasture in conditions of Eastern part of Central Caucasus are studied. The contamination of environment with eggs of Trichocephalus spp. has been de- fined by examination of 1143 fecal specimen obtained from soil on pastures and in lambing barns. Fecal specimens were examined using a floatation method. Besides the percentage of infection in specimens and the amount of eggs of Trichocephalus spp. in 1 g of fecal specimen obtained from soil are indentified. The maximum con- tamination of environment with eggs of Trichocephalus spp. is reported in autumn due to accumulation and preservation of embryonated eggs. The analyze of 1 kg of faeces (22,3±3,4 - 47,4±5,2 expl. eggs of Trichocephalus spp.) allows to conclude that the contamination of fecal specimen obtained from grazing areas makes 13,0 %, from pasture - 6,6%, from farm territories - 10,5 %. In spring the minimum en- vironmental contamination was reported due to elimination of a big amount of eggs in winter. Development of embryonated eggs of Trichocephalus spp. on pasture occurs within 46 days in April, within 22 days in June and within 51 days in Octo- ber. In various months the different amount of embryonated eggs in fecal specimen obtained from pasture is determined. Therefore in April, June and September the amount of viable eggs makes 24,0; 55,3 and 74,3 %. Keywords: eggs, Trichocephalus spp., viability, contamination, terms of de- velopment, pasture, Chechen Republic.

Features of bioecology of ectoparasites in commercial fish in fish farms of Kabardino - Balkaria are studied. Monthly examination of 6 species of fish, in par- ticular of fish scale, muscular tissue and gills with respect to ectoparasite infection is conducted. Susceptibility of pond fish to trichodyna infection is determined. Dif- ferent intensity of ectoparasite invasion (II) in different species of fish is defined. Parasites Trichodina and Trichodinella are registered in common carp (European carp) at invasion intensity (II) 50 and more expl./fish, in Chinese carp - 27-60, in bighead and silver carp - 3-18, in Sevan trout - 1-20 expl./fish. It is pointed out that Trichodina nigra and Trichodinella epizootica dominated among ectoparasites.

Effect of ticks' salivary glands extract on contractive activity of rat aortic smooth muscle cells is studied. Aortic contractions have been induced using hyper- potassium solutions and noradrenaline. Registration of contractive activity of aorta was carried out in isometric regime and the changes were expressed as a percen- tage of the control values. It was determined that the salivary glands extract of ixo- did ticks Hyalomma asiaticum contains components that have a toxic effect on an- imals' body. Relaxant effect of salivary glands extract of Н. asiaticum is caused by its interaction with Са2+-transport systems of smooth muscle cells. Ticks salivary glands extract has an expressed hypotensive effect based on its ability to modify properties of transient receptor potential Са2+-channels of rat aortic smooth muscle cells.

Spreading of ixodic ticks with exoskeleton anomalies in different regions of Altai Republic is studied. Work was carried out at the Center for Hygiene and Epi- demiology of Altai Republic. Ixodic ticks were collected from plants on a fabric and then on a wet unsterile bandage in the period of their seasonal activity in natu- ral biotops. Ticks morphology is studied using a stereoscopic binocular microscope MBS-10. Immunoenzyme analysis was applied to estimate the invasion with tick- bone encephalitis of ticks. Phenotypic polymorphism of male and female ixodic ticks of dominant species I. persulcatus, D. nuttalli, D. reticulatus, D. silvarum, H. concinna is studied. Malformations are more often expressed in ticks Ixodes per- sulcatus (20,4 % of ticks are abnormal) than in ticks Dermacentor (4,3 %) and Haemaphysalis concinna (1,6 %). Percentage of infected abnormal ticks was lower than of ixodes without exoskeleton anomalies.

Cryptosporidiosis in the republic of Dagestan is widely spread. Digestive tract diseases followed by severe debilitating diarrhea, cachexy, growth retardation, de- velopment delay, reduction of body resistance to other diseases causing cattle mor- tality are often registered in offspring of cattle in life-stock farms. Calf mortality in certain farms reaches a level of 40 % and can exceed it. Spread and composition of the Cryptosporidium species in cattle were studied in 2010-2012 in 16 farms, 13 areas in a mountain zone of Dagestan. In each farm calves between 7 and 30 days, offspring - between 6 months and 2 years of age and adult stock-weak and debili- tated animals with expressed gastroenteritis are examined. It is found that cryptos- poridiosis in cattle of a mountain zone is being registered during a winter-spring season (February -April). Cryptosporidium oocysts are detected in excrements of calves in the age of 6-7 days. In farms of a mountain zone of Dagestan two species of Cryptosporidium - C. parvum и C.muris in cattle are found. Spread of cryptos- poridiosis is caused due to lack of veterinary and sanitary supervision as well as bad housing conditions of cattle.

Trichinellosis is a dangerous zoonotic disease caused with nematode Trichi- nella spp. Trichinella have a strongly pronounced polyhostality. The spectrum of their hosts covers more than 150 species of animals including sea mammals. Tak- ing into account the habitat of sea mammals, unlike land mammals, it is hard to imagine the process of infection with Trichinella; nevertheless some domestic and foreign authors point at infection of sea mammals with this species of helminths. Up to the present moment the mechanism of transmission of infectious agent to sea mammals using fish for food, different types of zooplankton and zoobenthos are not explored. Mollusks are one of the important food objects for walruses and hair- seals. Mollusks (up to 20 species) are used as main food for pacific walrus Odobe- nus rosmarus divergens in all its habitats, as for bearded seal Erignathus barbatus - mollusks take the second place, for rough seal Phoca hispida and spotted seal P. largha this type of food is used in a less degree. For the purpose of determination of role of mollusks by transmission of trichinellas to obligate hosts - inhabitants of water biocenosis, we carried out a set of experiments using a widespread great pond snail ( Lymnaea stagnalis ). It is determined that gastropods are able to swal- low up not only decapsulated larvae of Trichinella but also encapsulated larvae. Larvae of Trichinella is alive and has infective properties after passing through ga- strointestinal tract of gastropods for the time period from 24 up to 48 hours

Observance of epizootic situation in Russian Federation within 1990-2014 in relation to main helminthosis in animals enable to make a conclusion that epizootic process of helminthosis is affected by ecological components: condition of pas- tures, water basins, weather and climate, especially in current pasture season, there- fore it is necessary to carry out antiparasitic treatment.

Seasonal dynamics of Oestrus ovis L. infection in sheep in conditions of Chechen Republic based on monthly dissections of frontal and paranasal sinuses in 394 sheep are studied. During the whole year the adult sheep stock was being infected with gadfly larvae. A significant difference in invasion of sheep with Oe. ovis in various months is determined. Two peaks of Oe. ovis infection are defined: June-July and September- October. The maximum infection level (76,0 %) has been reached in July by infection intensity 12,4±0,6 expl./head. The medium infection level (52,58 %) has been reached by infection intensity 7,0±0,37 expl./head. In the winter-spring season the sheep were infected to a lesser degree. The infection intensity was reducing from Mach to May (from 4,9±0,34 up to 2,8±0,18 expl./head) what was caused by development of Oe. ovis larvae in spring time and their pupation. It was found that during the pasture sea- son two generations of Oe. ovis are developed

Data on distribution of helminthosis and helminthocenosis structure in the Re- public of Udmurtia on the base of results of slaughter for 2001-2012 taking into account the parazitocenosis index calculation are provided. The analysis showed that the parasitic situation in the republic in recent years considerably has im- proved, but still most often trematodosis are detected at veterinary and sanitary ex- amination. The average degree of contamination of animals with fasciolosis is 13,48, with dicrocoeliosis - 2,39 %. Their total index in parazitocenosis fluctuates from 84,46 to 94,61 %. Data on structure of helminths fauna taking into account a share of each fellow member can be used further during the development and im- plementation of republican target programs for carrying out system of antiparasitic actions

42 scientific Institutions and High Schools were involved in fulfillment of In- terdepartmental and Interstate programs in 2013. In all regions of Russian Federa- tion and CIS countries were conducted regular monitoring studies on epizootic sit- uation in relation to parasitosis in domestic and wild animals, birds, fish and bees. Based on information system of collecting and analysis of data a monitoring me- thodology of parasitic diseases is elaborated that allows to forecast the develop- ment of epizootic situation and to optimize the struggle against parasitic diseases within particular region. Forecast of epizootic situation on main helminthosis of animals made for 2013 is basically confirmed. Compared to the previous year the epizootic situation got worse in relation to paramphystomatosis in Yakutia, strongi- latosis of gastrointestinal tract and lungs in Southern Siberia and in the Far East as well as in regions infected with eurytremosis and orientobilharciosis. Parasitic fau- na, spread of parasitosis and features of parasitosis course in ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats and deers) are studied on the territory of Moscow, Kalinigrad, Ryasan, Samara and Tyumen regions, Altai, South Ural, North Caucasus, Yakutia, West Kazakhstan, Central and South-Eastern Tajikistan. Features of parasitosis course in carnivorous in Black Earth and Non-Black Earth zones, Krasnodar Krai and Altai are studied. Continuous monitoring studies in regions unfavorable for trichinellosis are being conducted. Features of circulation of trichinellosis in natural biocenosis of Central region of Russia are investigated and methodical guidelines for its pre- vention in hunting farms are developed where a wide range of issues is embraced. A new patented device «Gelmi» is destined for release of eggs and larvae from helminths using peptolysis of muscle tissue samples; a digestion technique for the detection of trichenellosis and opisthorchosis is developed. Furthermore for the first time metacercariae opisthorchis, mesocercariae alaria and larvae of trematodes using a method of peptolysis are released. Techniques for axonomic identifying of genotype of northern isolates of Trichinella spp. on the territory of RF are devel- oped that allows to complete the system characteristic and to detect phylogenetic relationship inside different taxonomic groups. Helminthophauna of predators on the territory of Central Black Earth State Biosphere Reserve are analyzed. Age- related and season infection dynamics are revealed in main commercial fish in Tsimlyansk, Varvarovka, Karpovka reservoirs as well as in Volga and Lena rivers. Monitoring of spread of invasions and infections in honey bees in the South of Tyumen region is conducted

Effect of extract of trematodes Fasciola hepatica on body cells of laboratory mice is studied. A single intraperitoneal injection of rectified extract of fascioles was made into non-linear white male mice at the dose of 100 mg/kg of extract en- zyme. The total number of leucocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes has been registered. Blood films as well as red bone marrow- and seminal vesicles smears were stained using a Romanowsky - type stain and microscoped. Mitotic index was determined and number of abnormal mitotic figures calculated. It is found that a single intraperitoneal injection of rectified extract F. hepatica into non-linear white male mice increases the number of aneuploid cells of red bone marrow as well as stimulates production of lymphocytes and eosinophils. The re- ceived results confirm the ability of helminths to cause the host cell mitotic distur- bances

Immunoenzymatic reaction (IER) widely used for immunodiagnosis and sero- epizootic studies of helminthosis could be applied as a method for determination of antigen affinity between different kinds of helminths on the base of antigen- antibody reaction (heterologous and homologous) using hyperimmune sera for each type. Differences of reactivity in rabbits to antigens of somatic extracts from pubescent Dirofilaria immitis and Setaria labiato-papillosa are determined, that has been proved in IER by different titers of specific antibodies and level of optical density (OD). OD values in homologous antigen-antibody reaction (IER) in both cases: hyperimmune sera to antigen of extracts from D. immitis as well as from S. labiato-papillosa were higher than in heterologous system. By comparison of OD values in both IER variations it was determined that more that 50 % of synthesized antibodies in rabbits immunized with enzyme extracts from D. immitis and S. la- biato-papillosa undergo the reaction antigen-antibody with a heterologous antigen. According to results of the coming immunochemical analysis of enzyme extracts from both types of parasites along with sera from dogs infected with D. immitis is determined that the antigen components important for diagnosis of dog's dirofila- riasis are presented in extract from S. labiato-papillosa. From our point of view the using of pubescent S. labiato-papillosa as an antigen souce by dirofilariasis in dogs is possible

Oxyurosis is a helminth disease of horses caused by nematoda Oxyuris equi from family Oxyuridae suborder Oxyurata. 5 growing horses aged 3 months through 1 year suffering from оxyurosis were selected for testing. According to the results of examination and studies of tail rubbing horses we can conclude that the tail rubbing symptom is not an absolute value of oxyurosis because oxyuris eggs are by no means always detected by this symptom. On other side, the tail rubbing symptom in horses may not be present but a lot of oxyuris eggs may be found. On- ly using laboratory methods the diagnosis of оxyuriasis can be made

The method of research of tests of the soil on eggs of helminths which sur- passes the method of Romanenko offered earlier in the efficiency is offered and can be used in practice and when carrying out scientific researches. This method was applied to inspection of objects of environment of Kazan city and allowed to reveal big impurity eggs of geohelminths. The developed method allowed to reveal in addition about 36 % of eggs of ascarids than on Romanenko's method that is caused by application of several components in flotation liquid: solutions of chlo- ride of zinc and sodium chloride and glycerin. Components of the flotation liquid don't break morphology of eggs of parasites and don't create difficulties with mor- phological identification of the helminths

Test of Ricobendazole used for treatment of moniesiosis was conducted in the farm «Krasny Put» in Pestravsk district of Samara region in June-July 2013. 40 lambs sponta- neously infected with Moniesia spp. were selected for testing. By strongilatosis of the gastrointestinal tract Ricobendazole was tested in the same farm in June July 2013 on 26 wedders (gelded rams) in the age of 1-1,5 years spontaneously infected with various spe- cies of Strongylata. By dictyocaulosis and other lung strongilatosis Ricobendazole was tested on 24 spontaneously infected sheep selected after examination of feces according to Berman method. Efficacy of Ricobendazole against various species of Anoplocephala is studied in June-August 2013 in farms of Samara region that are unfavorable in relation to avitellinosis and tisaniesiosis in sheep spontaneously infected with Avitellinae centri- punctata (12 heads) and Thisaniezia giardi (10 heads). By trichocephalosis the medicine is tested on different groups of sheep at the dose of 4, 6 and 8 mg/kg. Anthelmintic effi- cacy of Ricobendazole is studied by main helminthosis in sheep. Ricobendazole at the dose of 4 mg/kg showed 100 % efficacy against Nematodirus spp. and other Strongylata of gastrointestinal tract, Dictyocaulus filaria, 99,9 % - against Moniezia spp., 85,8 % - against Mullerius capillaris, 84,7 % - against Protostrongylus spp., 96,1 % - against Аvitellina centripunctata, 99,2 % - against Th. giardi and 73,9 % - against T. ovis.

Helminthosis cause serious violations in exchange processes and permanent changes of the vital functions. Activity of ASAT, ALAT enzymes, amylases and glyutamilaminotransferazy in sheep organism infected by Dictyocaulus sp. and possibility of restoration of their biochemical status at the expense of a degelminti- zation by Alben and applications of immunostimulators of T- and B-aktivin and probiotic lactobifid is studied. It is established that dictyocaulosis causes deep vi- olations of biochemical indicators in blood of sheep and complex therapy restores the biochemical status

Efficacy of mitranox, a domestic anthhelmintic drug of the group of acetylated salicylanilides, is tested. Experiments were conducted on sheep spontaneously infected with Mоniezia expansa, М. benedini, gastrointestinal nematodes and Muel- lerius capillaris. Mitranox was administered at the dose of 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg orally, individually, as a single dose in form of water suspension. Efficacy of mi- tranox at moniesiosis at the dose of 50, 75 и 100 mg/kg made respectively 73,3 %, 94,2 и 100 %. The highest efficacy of mitranox applied at the dose of 100 mg/kg against nematodes, gastrointestinal strongylatosis, trichocephalosis and mulleriosis made respectively 97,4 %, 97,2; 86,9 and 93,2 %. The dose of 100 mg/kg is rec- ommended for treatment of moniesiosis and nematodosis in sheep.

Parameters of acute toxicity of «Сoсtsidon Suspension 5 %» are studied at in- jection: LD50 for mice made 23750±938,7 mg/kg, for rats - 28541,7±1666,1 mg/kg that gives the reason to assign this medicine to the 4th class of toxicity - low- dangerous drugs. Total dose of «Сoсtsidon Suspension 5 %» applied in the begin- ning of effect exceeded many times over the value of single dose LD50. In this con- nection, the cumulatively coefficient is much more than 1 that pointed at the lack of cumulative properties of a medicine. Efficiency of «Сoсtsidon Suspension 5 %» by coccidiosis in pigs made 100 %. At injection of medicine and within the next 30 days side-effects and complications are not detected

Injection of ivermectin in a dose of 0,2 mg/kg to pregnant rates in critical stage of embryogenesis at days 1-6, 7-14 and 15-19 did not effect animals’ beha- vior. Duration of pregnancy in laboratory female rats was at control and normal physiological level for present kind of animas. Delivery process was normal with- out clinical features and complications. Presence of milk in rats’ stomachs allows to conclude that the injection of tested medicine to female rats did not affect their lactation and sucking reflex. At injection of ivermectin in a therapeutic dose at days 1-6, 7-14 and 15-19 of pregnancy the value of rats' death in the first life month was compatible with control values. According to our observation there was no effect of ivermectin on postnatal development in rats in form of death and external malformations. All rats were born healthy, responded well to external stimuli, had a good appetite and pursued an active life. Results of laboratory research allow to conclude that ivermectin injection to rats in a therapeutic dose of 0,2 mg/kg in dif- ferent pregnancy terms including critical stages doesn't have embryotoxic and tera- togenic effects

Literature data on steroid metabolism of plant-parasitic nematodes and own research on the feasibility of regulating the number of pathogenic nematodes using plant steroids are presented. Steroidal compounds are essential components of cell membranes, play a significant role in the regulatory process and are signaling mo- lecules. On one side it was shown possibility to affect the steroid metabolism of nematodes depressing their development, depriving necessary sterols; on other side to impact the mevalonate pathway in plants enhancing their immune properties. Analysis of a number of steroid compounds: glycoalkaloids, saponins and ecdy- sones extracted from plants of the Solanaceae, Labiatae and Dioscoreaceae, shows that all tested compounds to a greater or lesser degree can affect the development of the nematode. In examined tomato plant system Solanum esculentum Mill, root- knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid et White) Chitwood, the highest activity among steroidal glycoalkaloids had ɑ-tomatin and ɑ-chaconine, among saponins - tomatozide. While observing the direct impact of steroids on nematodes, we can point out the nematostatic effect of compounds in applied concentrations. On the example of tomato plants treated with ɑ-tomatin the activity of protease inhibitors, agents interrupting digestion of insects and nematodes, is analyzed. Treatment of plants with ɑ-tomatin increases the activity of trypsin inhibitors in the tomato tissues that allows expecting the relation between the plant treatment with ɑ-tomatin and degree of resistance of tomato to nematodes

Pink snow mold of winter wheat is caused by the fungus Microdochium (Fu- sarium) nivale. This disease is widely spread within Russian Federation on grain varieties; its injuriousness is expressed in planting destruction and rather often in total crop failure. In our laboratory experiments the mycohelminth Aphelenchoides saprophillus Franklin was put in number of ±100-200 examples per test tube (20 × 200 mm) on mycelium of fungus M. nivale at temperature 5, 15 and 27 °C. The temperature 5 °C was more favorable for cultivation of mycohelminth A. sapro- phillus on mycelium of fungus M. nivale. At this temperature the reproduction ra- tio of A. saprophillus was 6,5, while mycohelminth was used by whole foods avail- able (mycelia of fungus гриба M. nivale ) within 50-75 days. However at tempera- ture 15 °C the speed of reproduction of A. saprophillus slowed down (reproduction ratio 5,7) that naturally affected the population size. At the end of experiment sin- gle dead species were found in test tubes stored at temperature 15 °C, that cannot be observed in test tubes stored at temperature 5 °C. At the same time reproduction of A. saprophillus was not registered at temperature 27 °C. Methods of cultivation of A. saprophillus allows to create suspension of nematodes containing a large number of species. Applying in autumn water suspension made on the base of A. saprophillus on winter wheat allows to decrease the degree of spread of disease in spring from 65 up to 20,4 % which improves the productivity index of wheat and affect crop improvement

Mixed infections caused by nematodes, balantidia, eimeria, isospora inflict economic damage on pigs livestock. In case of subclinical infections in breeding pigs the newborn pig crop is weak and nonviable. Changes in technology of feed and management of pigs cause some features that the epizootic process of helmin- thosis and protozoa infections is marked by. This process increases by pig growing in commercial, individual and husbandary farms.In huge factory pig farm com- plexes the stress factors affecting sensitivity, individual features of adaptive system organization, immune status of animal populations and virulence of causative agent become more significant. In factory pig farms a permanent control on epizootic situation in relation to helminthosis and protozoa infections is necessary. For this purpose periodic random examinations of young piglets, yelts and pigs are con- ducted. Young piglets are examined 10 days before moving to a fattening house, yelts of fatting groups I and II - single examination during each stage. Dehelminti- zation of pigs is carried out in the multiplication farm according to the following schedule: pigs weaned between 14 and 21 days of age - at once, then growing pigs between 65 and 75 days and fattening pigs - between 1 and 90 days. The dehelmin- tized animals should be kept in the pen within 5-6 days and further moved to pre- mises where washing and disinvasion are performed. Control for effectiveness of dehelmintization should be performed 7-10 days after coprological examination where not less than 15 % of pigs are to be examined. Control for effectiveness of drugs should be performed 5 days after conducting an antiprotozoal treatment. One of the essential conditions for prevention of helminthosis in pigs is the proper prep- aration for farrowing, adequate feeding of sows due to farrow and sucking sows as well as balanced diet for young piglets and yelts of all technological groups. Ani- mals should be provided with high-quality water from autodrinkers located at a height of 30 cm above the floor. Vitamin, immunomodulator, antioxidant, anti- hypoxia and iron-containing drugs injections are recommended for application within the winter-spring season. The same purposeful prevention system allows to guarantee reduction of vulnerability in pigs to parasitic and infectious diseases and increase of total reactivity

In recent years nematodosis in cattle are widely spread over the central part of Russia that seems to be caused by several anthropogenic factors. Based on results of study of 686 heads at stall-pasture housing, 289 heads at all year round stall housing, 334 heads at all year round stall housing with herding to paddocks and 127 heads at stall-pasture housing on deep litter it was found that the cattle at stall- pasture housing was the most infected with nematodes. Extensity of invasion (EI) of animals with nematodes at pasture and stall housing makes 28,53 %, at all year round stall housing - 5,46, at all year round stall housing with herding to paddocks - 10,19, stall-pasture housing on deep litter - 40,94 %. No significant difference in invasion of tethered and not tethered animals is found. Significant difference in invasion of cattle at various types of housing technology is determined. It was pointed out that cattle at stall-pasture housing was most infected with nematodes. The stall housing significantly prevents infection of cattle with biohelminths in- cluding nematodes spreading on pastures. Taking into account that cattle at stall- pasture housing is most infected with nematodes we suggest to conduct treatment and preventive measures in order to decrease the invasion level and prevent cattle invasion. Besides common veterinary sanitary measures the measure schedule of stall-pasture housing includes dehelmitization of grazing calves (weeks 6 and 19) and young cattle - in spring and autumn - treatment with aversekt 2 and other ne- matodocides; change of grazing areas every 5-7 days in summer period; cleaning of farm and stalls from dung; sanitation of premises; improvement of watering places; using of cultivated pastures; carrying out a random examination of calves and young cattle for eggs and larvae of nematodes every 45-50 days after begin- ning of grazing season; cleaning of premises, biometric treatment of dung; check study of faeces of youngstock in autumn. In case of detection of infected cattle the dehelmitization should be conducted any season. It is recommended to take the same measures at stall-pasture housing on deep litter. Special attention should be paid here to cleaning of deep litter at the end of stall period and sanitation of pre- mises. Effectiveness of health measures in case of gastrointestinal strongyloidiasis and dictyocaulosis in young cattle of the first grazing year depends not only on ac- tivity of anthelmintics but also on terms of their application. Good results are ob- tained when medicines are applied twice on 6 and 13th grazing week; this allowed to prevent invasion of animals and clinical presence of strongyloidiasis.