The purpose of the research is to study species diversity and some features of life history of Spirurida order nematodes - zooparasites of Uzbekistan.

Materials and methods. Specimens of adult Spirurida order nematodes of domestic and wild animals’ population from all regions of Uzbekistan and Karakalpak Republic were collected and studied. Insects, the intermediate hosts of some species of concerned nematodes, were studied according to established methods. Some bioecological features of species Spirurata, Camallanata, Gnathostomata, Filariata suborders are analyzed.

Results and discussion. Modern species diversity of Spirurida order nematodes of Uzbekistan fish, birds and mammals was studied. The order is presented by four species Spirurata, Camallanata, Gnathostomata, Filariata in studied animals. The total amount of studied order species was 145, where 16 species were recorded in fish, 81 species in birds, and 48 species in mammals. Species of Spirurata and Filariata which are widely distributed in desired hosts in Uzbekistan biogeocoenosis are the center of Spirurida fauna. Life cycles of indicated nematodes are carried out involving intermediate and reservoir (= paratenic) hosts. Specimens of Copepoda, Ephemeroptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera belong to the first, carp-like fish belong to the second. Evolution of infection transfer by intermediate host to definitive promotes formation and functioning of different types of parasitic systems. 

The purpose of the research is to study the species diversity of pulmonary helminths of wild animals in the Transbaikal Territory.

Materials and methods. The collection of material was carried out in different regions of the Trans-Baikal Territory: Akshinsky, Kirinsky and Krasnochikoysky. In total, 17 elk, 32 Siberian roe deer, and 5 wolves were subjected to helminthological research. The studies were performed by the method of full and partial helminthological autopsy. At autopsy, the intensity and extent of the infection were determined. Faecal samples were studied using the Berman-Orlov method.

Results and discussion. The pulmonary helminthosis of wild animals (elk, roe deer, wolf ) of the Transbaikal Territory were studied. Elk revealed the nematodes Dictyocaulus eckerti; the infection extensiveness (IE) was 41%, the infection intensity (II) – 28-76 sp. per head. In Siberian roe deer, nematodes Muellerius capillaris were detected, with IE of 18.7% and II 24-54 sp. per head. Nematodes Crenosoma vulpis (Rudolphi, 1819) were detected in wolves with IE 16.6% and II 38 sp. per head. 

The purpose of the research is to study the current status of fauna of ixodic ticks in the context of altitudinal zonation of Dagestan and the dynamics of their seasonal activity.

Materials and methods. Collection of ixodic ticks of cattle and sheep was carried out during 2002-2017. Total 11580 ixodids had collected. Differentiation of ticks was conducted according to indicators.

Results and discussion. 22 species of ixodic ticks were found on animals in flat, submontane and mountain belts of Dagestan: Ixodes – 2, Hyalomma – 6, Boophilus – 1, Dermacentor – 3, Rhipicephalus – 5, Haemaphysalis – 5. Such species of genus as Boophilus, Hyalomma, Dermacentor are predominate inixodids fauna. B.annulatus, R.bursa, D. dagesthanicus, H. scupense is registered in mountain belt. 

The purpose of the research description of larvae Gymnophallus rebecqui (Bartoli, 1983) morphology from bivalve mollusks Abra segmentum Recluz, 1843 and Cerastoderma glaucum Poiret, 1789 in the Black Sea; to study seasonal abundance of G. rebecqui in the Black Sea.

Materials and methods. During 2011–2012 years, 875 samples of bivalves A. segmentum and 440 samples of C. glaucum were investigated from two biotopes Sevastopol water area. The samples were selected every month. All mollusks tissues were investigated for parasites with a compressor method over binocular at increase × 98. The detected cercarias and metacercarias were fixed for life and dyed with acetous carmine, and after dehydration in a series of alcohol and clarification in clove oil were placed in Canada balsam. One of the generally accepted systems of trematodes measuring was used in the work. Measurings were made on microscope XY-B2 with с a film camera at increase × 1000. The images were made in redactor of vector graphics Inkscape 0.48.2-1.

Results and discussion. For the first time, at the estuary of the river Chernaya and in the Black Sea, larvae of trematodes G. rebecqui have been found in mollusks A. segmentum and C. glaucum. A. segmentum has appeared to be not only the second intermediate host for such trematode in the studied ecosystem but also parthenitas G. rebecqui were detected in it. According to the main diagnostic and morphological features, the analyzed larvae of trematodes were identified as G. rebecqui: the Y-shaped secretory cyst without diverticula in cercarias, and the absence of the ventral hole and of accumulation of prostatic cells over the ventral sucker at the metacercaria stage. The morphometric features of the cercarias and metacercarias of trematodes G. rebecqui, which were studied by us, are within the boundaries known for larvae of this type parasitizing in mollusks A. segmentum and C. glaucum off the coasts of France, Great Britain and the Black Sea. An infection peak of mollusks C. glaucum with metacercarias G. rebecqui was observed in late summer and early autumn in both regions. 

The purpose of the research is to study and systematize data on the biological, fauna-ecological characteristics of mosquitoes Culex pipiens Culex Linnaeus species in the Kaluga Region.

Materials and methods. To clarify the fauna and ecological characteristics of mosquitoes Culex pipiens Culex Linnaeus species in the Kaluga Region, we caught adults, larvae and pupae of mosquitoes in the basements of the city of Kaluga, on the control day of mosquitoes, in the natural land biotopes of the Kaluga region. The larvae of blood-sucking mosquitoes were observed on natural and artificial reservoirs of the city and region, in puddles, trenches. Mosquitoes were caught during an attack on a person or animal with an entomological net and placed in a specially prepared cage. Larvae and pupae were collected at breeding sites (from aquatic plants, in the water column). The study of the biotopic distribution and daily activity was carried out using the method of accounting for the number of insects attacking the human forearm for 20 minutes in the period from 20:00–24:00 h.

Results and discussion. Two forms of mosquitoes Culex pipiens Culex Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera, Culicidae) are found in the Kaluga Region: Cx. pipiens f. pipiens L. (non-autogenous form) and Cx. p. f. molestus fors. (autogenous form). Form Cx. pipiens f. pipiens L. is very aggressive, lives in urban and agricultural areas. Cx p. f. molestus fors. is an urbanized form; prefers to live and develop in urban environments. A feature is also the possibility of the first laying of eggs without bloodsucking, and the larvae can develop without sunlight. In late August, female C. pipiens mosquitoes can enter diapause before spring. A temperature below 4°C and above 35°C is critical for the development of larvae. In a year, 3–4 mosquito generations develop in the Kaluga Region. 

The purpose of the research is studying leishmaniosis peculiarities of carnivores in Russia and Italy.

Materials and methods. 2000 samples of sera were studied with antigen from Leishmania (Roma) at the IFAT, Italy, 174 samples in crystallographic tests, 76 samples from the dogs from Italy, 52 samples from different preying animals and 46 samples from the dogs were studied in ELISA with an antigen from Toxocara sp. and Trichinella sp. (VNIIP).

Results and discussion. Leishmaniosis was registered in the RF in Dagestan, Crimea and etc. Currently leishmaniosis of dogs is widely spread in the peninsular and insular Italy. Sporadic eruptions occur to the east from the Apennines, in central Italy and in some regions of the North Piedmont and Aosta Valley, and in the provinces Verona, Brescia and Rimini. Many occasions were registered in Tuscany. A leishmaniosis control is mainly based on identification and treatment of infected dogs in combination with a transmitter control and a control over animal bowls. Over 30% of samples were positive in Italy and 0.7% of samples were positive in the south of Russia. Over 80% of sera that reacted with leishmaniosis antigen (1/160 and more) reacted in enzyme immunoassay EIA with Toxocara sp. and Trichinella sp. antigens. The obtained data on sporadic occasions in the south of Russia evidence the need for epidemiologic, epizootological and entomological investigations in specified areas and for the development of an epidemiologic surveillance system for leishmaniosis covering all the complex of antiepidemic measures. 

The purpose of the research is carrying out ecological and epidemical monitoring of helminthosis of cattle of public and private sectors in Vologda region.

Materials and methods. Statistical analysis of veterinary reports was conducted according to the form 1Vet-A of the Veterinary medicine administration with State veterinary inspectorate in Vologda region for the period of 2013–2018. The degree of infection by helminths was also analyzed in animals of public and private sectors.

Results and discussion. Cattle helminthosis is widely distributed in Vologda region. Helminthosis, which are recorded in cattle constantly and which have high rate of prevalence, were adjusted. Fasciolosis, paramphistomatosis, moniezosis, dictyocaulosis, strongyloidosis are registered in public and private sectors practically annually. What is more, the degree of infection is differing in public and private sectors; the highest parameter of incidence rate is registered in private sector. In conclusion, epizootological monitoring shows specific view on epidemic situation in Vologda region on major cattle helminthosis. 

The purpose of the research is study of the distribution of trematodes of the family Prosthogonimidae (Nicoll, 1924) among various species of game birds in north-eastern Kazakhstan.

Materials and methods. Helminths have been collected using the K. I. Skryabin method of complete helminthological dissection (1928). The manufacture of total preparations from adult trematodes was carried out according to generally accepted methods. The species identity of the trematodes was determined according to K. M. Ryzhikov Identification Guide (1967). The materials obtained were processed statistically according to recommendations given by G. F. Lakin (1990).

Results and discussion. 88 birds (67.2%) from 131 study birds were infected with trematodes of the Prosthogonimidae Luhe family, 1909. They were found in 60% Gruiformes and 74.5% Anseriformes of 10 types. Prosthogonimidae were not found in Ciconiiformes and Podicipediformes. The prosthogonimidae fauna in north-eastern Kazakhstan is represented by two types, namely Schistogonimus rarus (Braun, 1901) and Prosthogonimus cuneatus (Rud., 1809). From two types of trematodes that were identified in the lakes of the north-eastern part of the Republic, S. rarus is most frequently found. The higher infection rates were registered in garganey teals, coots, gadwalls, common pochards, mallard ducks, pintails and shovelers. The wide geographical range of the above trematodes in north-eastern Kazakhstan may indicate prosthogonimidae pestholes in the region. A climate factor can influence significantly on wild bird infection with S. rarus. 

The purpose of the research is to study the distribution of intestinal parasitic protozoa in young growth turkeys of different age.

Materials and methods. The studies had been conducted at three specialized turkey-grower units of Central part of Russia in 2018-2019. Birds of different age were opened up, excrement aliquots and scrapes from the floor were studied for determination of the degree of infection of young growth turkeys by intestinal parasitic protozoa. Coproscopic Fullebourn's and Darling's methods were used for studies. In the case of histomonosis in young growth turkeys the content of failed caecum and scrapings of mucous membrane were looking through dark field of microscope from two-days old. Smears were prepared by Romanowsky staining. In the case of cryptosporidiosis the excrements of ill young growth turkeys were studied according to direct smear Fullebourn's and Darling's method. Thin smear was made of excrements, and then dried, fixed by methylene blue, after that Ziehl–Neelsen stained with carbol fuchsin. In the case of eimeriosis excrements of different aged young growth turkeys were studied according to Darling's method. Carcases of different aged turkeys were studied to confirm histomonosis, cryptosporidiosis and eimeriosis according to above mentioned methods. In each of mentioned farms turkey at the age from 10 days had been examined once every 20 days by studying not less than 20 fresh excrements specimens and until full completion of technological cycle (150-155 days). The intensity of eimeriosis infection was measured by calculation the amount of oocysts per 1 g of poults’ excrements using McMaster's chamber under the microscope MBE.

Results and discussion. At the commercial poultry farms young growth turkeys of different age is infected by intestinal parasitic protozoa: Eimeria spp. on 5–20% in the case of low infection intensity, by Cryptosporidiumbaileyi on 10%. The degree of infection by eimeriosis was 33.3–100% at farms without clear prescription of anticoccidial drugs. 

The purpose of the research is to assess the subchronic toxicity of the complex drug for dogs and cats “Inspector Kvadro” for cutaneous use.

Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out on 40 male rats with an initial body weight of 220–240 g. The animals were divided into 4 equivalent groups of 10 rats each. The drug was applied daily for 7 days on a clipped skin in the back at doses of 1080; 540 and 216 mg/kg. During the experiment, we observed the general condition and behavior of animals, possible death, intake of food and water, visible physiological functions, the condition of the coat and skin at the site of application of the drug in order to evaluate the irritating effect. On the first day and 10 days after the last use of the drug, the animals were euthanized and blood samples were taken to determine hematological and biochemical parameters, a macroscopic examination of the organs was carried out, and the functional state of the central nervous system was evaluated.

Results and discussion. Daily application on the skin of the drug in test doses did not lead to a change in the general condition and behavior of rats. Experienced animals normally took food and water, adequately responded to external stimuli. However, the recorded changes in some indicators indicate damage to the hepatocytes and indicate insufficient liver function. Given the increased relative liver mass of the animals of the first experimental group and the change in biochemical parameters, we can conclude that the drug has a pronounced hepatotoxic effect at a dose of 1080 mg/kg for cutaneous use for 7 days. Accordingly, the dose of 1080 mg/kg is toxic, the doses of 540 and 216 mg/kg are threshold. 

The purpose of the research is to study the anthelmintic action of an american drug intended for the treatment and prevention of helminthosis.

Materials and methods. A test of the effectiveness of an antiparasitic drug (USA), which includes: extracts of Jerusalem oak, citron seed, pumpkin seeds, male fern, thyme, wheatgrass, pomegranate bark, quartz mineral, table salt, etc. According to the instructions for use, the drug (series 61571-574-15) tested at a dose of 200 mg/kg three times a day for 7 days for the purpose of prevention and for 14 days for treatment. The phytopreparation is intended for the treatment of helminthosis in cats, dogs, rodents and birds. Anthelmintic has no contraindications and side effects, as well as age restrictions. In the experiment, 20 male rats weighing 200–220 g at the age of 3 months were used, spontaneously infected with Syphacia obvelata and Aspiculuris tetraptera (mixed infection). The diagnosis was made on the basis of a study of rat feces samples for the presence of nematode eggs according to the Darling method using a solution of zinc sulfate with a density of 1.32. The number of eggs was counted in 1 g of feces by the conventional method. Animals were divided into equivalent experimental and control groups of 10 animals each. The number of nematode eggs in 1 g of feces amounted to 56.32 specimens for the experimental group. eggs of S. obvelata, 44.44 eggs of A. tetraptera and for the control – 50.60 and 48.52 respectively.

Results and discussion. The results obtained indicate the absence of the anthelmintic effect of the american drug against S. obvelata and A. tetraptera in the recommended dose for 21 days. In addition, the animals were not only not released from the nematodes, but also reinfected, which allows us to conclude that there is no preventive effect. 

The purpose of the research is to structure the major veterinary and sanitary practices at the time of application of restrictive measures in the case of trichinellosis and under conditions of quarantine removal.

Materials and methods. To improve trichinellosis focus complex of immunological and diagnostic studies of pigs is used, trichinelloscopic control is carried out in focus of all carcasses of susceptible animals including pigs, carnivores and rodents. Pigs displacement both on the territory of focus and beyond is forbidden. Human immunoassays, definition of source and scoping of infection distribution are carried out within the context of general restrictive measures by Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing.

Results and discussion. Establishment of quarantine in trichinellosis focus is carried out upon a decision of the head of the supreme government organ of territorial entity of the Russian Federation against presentation of chief executive officer of an executive agency territorial entity of the Russian Federation, which exercises authority in the field of veterinary medicine. A plan of anti-trichinellosis activities is being developed taking into account the structure of livestock animals, livestock facilities and settlements. Special attention is given to the population information about application of restrictive measures in the case of trichinellosis. High-quality performance of complex of measures and periodical inspection of their implementation allow improving adverse item and withdrawing restrictive measures during the year. 

The purpose of the research is reviewing national and foreign literature on nematodes used as test objects for parasitological and biological studies.

Statistics is given on the importance of nematodes in the agricultural sector; the role is shown that nematodes play as biological models in studying fundamental processes in biology, screening chemicals against phytohelminths, and searching agents of biological control of phytonematodes. A description is given of direct and indirect relationships between nematodes and mycorrhiza-forming fungi. A detailed description is provided of mycohelminth application in fungoid disease control, and creation of nematode-resistant varieties and agricultural crop hybrids. The perspectives of using nematodes as test objects for parasitological and biological studies are shown.