The parasite fauna of lake frogs in the Ural region has been studied. 14 species of parasites belonging to Trematoda, Nematoda and Protozoa were found in the lake frog Pelophylax ridibundus in the South and Middle Ural. The parasitocenosis is characterized by a simplified structure while the number of infected animals increases with age. It was determined that the parasite species quantity in all age groups of P. ridibundus in the South Ural was higher than in the Middle Ural. 

Number of parasites and their associations in cattle and goat in the Northern Caucasus region are studied. The parasite fauna of goats and cattle is presented on flatland by 163, on foot-hill – by 191, and in mountains – by 125 species with a similarity coefficient 1. The parasite-associated fauna complex of various species combinations on foot-hill contains 5 species of trematodes, 7 – cestodes, 30 – nematodes, 8 – protozoa, 4 larvae of gad-flies and flies, 29 – of ticks including 22 of ixodid ticks, 10 – flies, 43 – horse flies, 21 – mosquitoes, 12 – black flies, 9 – black gnats, 6 – louse flies, 3 – lice and 4 species – red louses. In mountain area the infection extensiveness and abundance of parasites (except dicrocоelium, moniezia, nematodirus, horse flies, cattle biting louse, lice) is by 38,4 и 45,7 % less than on flatland and foot-hill due to specific features of these areas. The infection of animals in mountain area occurs from July till the end of September. The species balance in associations varies from 3 up to 15 species; monoinfections were seldom reported. 

Analysis of the generalized literature reports and the own case of detection Ascaridia galli in chicken eggs is provided. Data on migration and unusual localization of these nematodes and larvae of species of the suborder Ascaridata are being discussed (Skryabin, 1915). The results allow us to presume that the incorrect localization of parasites is not casuistry but a component of parasites' evolution, their survival and expansion of their habitat. Description of morphology A. galli detected in a bird's egg is submitted. Figures of separate body parts and organs A. galli are presented. The unusual localization of helminths is a result of changing physical and biochemical conditions of their habitat and biological competition with other inhabitants including own species at high intensity of infection. Measures of protection against ascariasis and its therapy are necessary to prevent ascarids (roundworms) in birds' eggs. The prevention measures consist in avoiding infection of birds. The results of coproovoscopy shown that birds’ dehelmintization contributes to their migration. 

The spread of dictyocaulosis in sheep in farms of the Maragha region depending on the sheep age and seasons has been studied. Lungs of 461 sheep were examined by the method of full helminthological autopsy, 2138 sheep fecal samples – by Berman and Wade method. According to the autopsy report the infection of sheep with Dictyocaulus spp. was in winter 8,0 %, in spring – 18,3, in summer – 10, and in autumn – 22,6 %. The results of coproscopic examination shown that 5,1 % of lambs, 16,5 % of sheep up to the age of two years, 12,5 % of adult sheep were infected with Dictyocaulus spp. 

Distribution and fertility of Echinococcus granulosus cysts in sheep of different breeds in North Caucasus are studied. Sheep of North Caucasian breed were infected with E. granulosus at 23,6 %, the Karachay, Stavropol, Lezghin and Andi breeds respectively on 18,2; 30,3; 26,4 and 21,7 % at intensity of infection 16,0±2,5 sp./goal., 14,2±2,4, 22,3±2,7, 20,4±2,6 and 18,1±2,5 sp./goal. Sheep strain of E. granulosus constitutes epizootologic danger as is in 100 % cases fertile. It is contains in 1 ml of E. granulosus liquid 102,3±6,5–128,2±8,6 sp. of E. granulosus protoskolex. The maximum contamination is established by cysts of E. granulosus in sheep of Stavropol breed, the smallest – at sheep of Karachay breed. 

Dynamics of Вabesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale infection in cattle in the last 6–7 years in the Kirov region have been studied. The extensivity of infection of В. bigemina was 0,50–58, A. marginale – 0,38–100 %. Both diseases are associated with seasonal sensitivity. Babeosis is registered from June to the beginning of September, the maximum extensivity of infection is 57,69–69,23 % and falls on June–July. Anaplasmosis in form of a parasite infection (parasitosis) is marked by three peaks in deprived areas: the maximum peak of infection was registered in June (96,99 %), some decrease – in October (78,12 %) and an increase – in February (85,71 %). On average two peaks in the region are registered: the maximum infection with Anaplasma sp. – in November (37,05 %) and 2,2 times less – in May (17,05 %). 

Issues on demodecosis infection in dog population of Moscow have been studied; the dependence between the accents in the pathogenesis and the age and dog breed has been determined. The risk of acute demodecosis increases with the age, and in female dogs such risk goes up during their heat cycles. Biochemical values of the damage to internal organs: the total protein, glucose, urea, creatinine, activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) in dogs’ blood have been estimated. In dogs with low and medium infection rates the average AST and ALT values were 51,05±2,64 and 98,69±3,85 u/l respectively, with a high infection rate 57,31±2,91 and 131,09±3,65 u/l. The increase of creatinine level and decrease in blood glucose of all tested dogs’ groups were observed. The most significant changes were determined in the levels of creatinine and glucose: up to 87,41±3,85 mkmol and 3,91±0,21 mmol respectively. Demodecosis should be considered as a complex issue requiring a detailed examination of enzyme levels and hormonal status. 

Dynamics of circulating immune complexes and immunoglobulins G, M, A during a pathological process are studied in experiments on calves in the age of 9– 35 days spontaneously infected with Cryptosporidia spp. The decreased level of immunoglobulin G (by 23,1 %), the increased level of immunoglobulin A (by 55,7 % ) and the increased by 2,38 times amount of circulating immune complexes were found in infected calves in comparison with the values of the control group that confirms the presence of the specific interaction antigen-antibody and the decreased activity of the humoral component of immune system. Infection caused by Cryptosporidia spp. leads to pathophysiological changes in humoral immune system of calves that is manifested in a decreased level of immunoglobulin G and an increased level of immunoglobulin A as well as in an increased amount of circulating immune complexes. 

Activities and properties of 5'-nucleotidase in the subcellular fractions of Bothriocephalus scorpii are studied with the use of adenosine monophosphate, inosine monophosphate and cytidine monophosphate as substrates. The high activity of 5'-nucleotidase was observed in the mitochondrial fraction. Dependence of the 5'-nucleotidase activity on the concentration of substrates and Mn2+ ions is investigated. Impact of various effectors and ions (sodium fluoride, EDTA, cysteine, K+, Na+ , Zn2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Cu2+, Mn2+) on enzyme activity is determined. Effect of 10 anthelmintic drugs on enzyme activity has been tested. The most effective drugs are bitionol and oxinide. 

Metarhizium anisopliae is an entomopathogenic organism that is parasitic towards insects, including those that serve as vectors for human disease, including malaria parasite infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Directed bioengineering of parasitic M. anisopliae has been proposed as a potentially novel vector control strategy. However, many parasitic fungi posses a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene that serves as a defence against transgenes. Here we characterize the RdRp gene of M. anisopliae, including the context of the gene in relation to surrounding genes and theoretical modeling based on the RdRp enzyme of Neurospora crassa. 

The issues of pathogenesis of cryptosporidiosis in pigs are studied. The cryptosporidiosis infection at experimental and spontaneous infection may lead to significant morphological changes in the pigs body: the number of leukocytes is increased, hemoglobin concentration and the number of erythrocytes are decreased, the blood sedimentation rate (ESR) varies from 1,9 to 2,7 mm/h. The protein composition of blood serum is marked by decrease in total amount of protein as well as a gradual fall of albumin and gammaglobulin levels. The activity of alkaline and acid phosphatase is elevated which proves the metabolic activity pointing at the body intoxication. Significant changes in redox processes are being observed. Blood sugar is going down and blood pyroracemic acid is increasing which testifies to disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. 

The efficacy of a complex preparation (based on the antiprotozoal drug metronidazole) for treating associative course of cryptosporidiosis and colibacteriosis at a dose of 35 mg/kg and of the antibacterial drug levomicetine at a dose of 25 mg/kg is studied. Experiments were conducted on 110 calves with diarrhea signs. A complex preparation was administered to 75 animals of experimental group twice a day for 3–4 days. 35 calves of the control group were treated with antibiotics within 6–7 days according to the standard schedule. On the third day after treatment with the complex preparation the number of cryptosporidium oocysts in feces has been decreased, clinical status of calves has been improved, appetite restored, cattles recovered. Therapeutic efficacy of the complex preparation applied for treating associative course of cryptosporidiosis and colibacteriosis made 96,0 %, and of the base preparation – 88,5 %. Course of treatment with the complex preparation has been reduced up to 3–4 days instead of 6–7 days when using a standard preparation. 

The comparative efficacy of some ivermectin-based drugs applied for treatment of nematodosis in horses has been investigated. Preparations were tested on 69 horses, 41 of them were spontaneously infected with Strongylata, 26 – with Parascaris and 2 – with Anoplocephala. Alezan paste at a dose of 0,2 mg/kg of ivermectin and 1 mg/kg of praziquantel was administered orally to 26 horses. 30 horses received Prasiver suspension at the same dose with food. Horses of the 3rd group received orally Bimectin paste at a recommended dose of 0,2 mg/kg of ivermectin. 6 horses that didn’t get a preparation served as a control group. The efficacy of preparations has been estimated according to the results of feces examination carried out before and 10 and 20 days after dehelmintization. Alezan and Bimectin paste demonstrated a 100% efficacy of these drugs in the treatment of strongylatosis and parascaridosis in horses. Prasiver suspension shown a 100% efficacy in the treatment of strongylatosis and 72,7% – by parascaridosis in case of reduction in number of Parascaris equorum eggs from 501 to 110 expl. per 1 kg feces. Two horses infected with Anoplocephala were free of Anoplocephala perfoliata infection after treatment with Alezan and Praziquantel. All preparations are well - tolerated by horses and do not cause any side effects. 

Effect of Vigisox, Praziquantel, Fenbendazole, Albendazole and Niclozamide at the doses of 60, 3, 10, 10 and 100 mg/kg respectively applied against Moniezia spp. of different ages in sheep spontaneously infected with Moniezia expansa and M. benedeni is studied. Efficacy of drugs applied against mature Moniezia spp., was the following: Vigisox, Niclozamide and Praziquantel – 100 %, Albendazole – 88, Fenbendazole – 84 %, and against immature Moniezia spp.: Vigisox, Niclozamide – 89,3 %, Praziquantel – 100, Albendazole – 75 and Fenbendazole – 64,3 % respectively. The results shown a non significant difference in efficacy of Vigisox applied against various types of Anoplocephala spp. The drug at a dose of 60 mg/kg has shown a 97,9 % efficacy against M. expansa, 97,5 % – M. benedeni, 98,9 % – Thysaniezia giardi. While conducting preimaginal dehelminthizations of animals it is necessary to apply anthelmintics taking into account their effect on immature Moniezia spp. 

Efficacy of the injective anthelmintic drug Ritril produced on the base of Ricobendazole and Triclabendazole used in treatment of different types of helminthosis in cattle has been studied. It was determined that Ritril has a high anthelmintic efficacy when administered at a dose of 0,8 ml/10 kg of body weight. The drug shown a 100% efficacy in treatment of dictyocaulosis and strongylatosis of gastrointestinal tract. Fasciola spp. and Trichocephala spp. were more resistant to the effect of Ritril. Therefore it is recommended to use the drug at a higher dose – 1,6 ml/10 kg of body weight. 

Data on distribution of coenurosis in sheep, its economic damage and dеvelopment of vaccine against this disease are submitted. Coenurosis is being registered yearly in 5–12 % of sheep in sheep farms. In sheep farms each sheep produces yearly 2–3 kg less wool, 15–20 kg less meet products. About 5 % of lambs die annually from coenurosis. While the average price for a lamb is 3 thousand roubles the total damage is more than 3 billion roubles. Economic losses can be reduced by hundreds of times due to implementation of vaccine against coenurosis. According to the results of immunization of sheep with vaccine developed by authors the number of infected sheep has been reduced by 10 times in the first year, in the second year – up to 0,5–0,01 %, in the third year – the vaccine hasn't been used.

The soil in the Vitebsk Region is contaminated with 11 helminth types from which the mostly spread is Toxocara canis. The research results on impact of rhizosphere of the Asteraceae family plants on eggs T. canis are provided. A high ovocidal efficacy of plant rhizosphere has been observed: marigolds – 74,03 %, calendula – 63,44, daisies – 53,83 %. The root system of Pelargonium zonale has a high expressed ovocidal (egg-killing) effect against T. canis eggs. The delay in helminth eggs development affected by rhizosphere of P. zonale will prevent the increasing of infected eggs in this time period and reduce the potential risk of infection spreads. Ovocidal effects of rhizosphere of P. zonale were not determined.

Repellent activity of preparations «RolfClub 3D drops for dogs» and «RolfClub 3D drops for cats» applied against natural populations of bloodsucking dipterans intended for treatment of animals is studied. Both preparations contain correspondingly the following active agents: Fipronil 9,8 %, D-сifenotrin 5,2 %, Pyriproxyfen 2 % and Fipronil 9,8 %, Etofenprox 15 %, Pyriproxyfen 2 %. They are solutions in practice applied on skin singly by the «SpotOn» method. Preparations was applied on the dry uninjured skin between shovels at the rate of 0,125 ml/kg of body weight. Efficacy of repellent activity of preparations has been investigated in hours of maximal activity of dominant species by attack intensity against animals (not less than 20–30 insects within 5 minutes). Repellent activity of preparations after treatment of dogs and cats persists within 7 days. 

Efficacy of injection form of the combined drug Avertel applied against helminthosis and arachno-entomosis in dogs and cats is studied. Investigations were carried out on dogs and cats spontaneously and experimentally infected by cestodes and nematodes, ticks Sarcoptes scabiei, Otodectes cynotis, Notoedres cati, fleas Ctenocephalides felis, lice Linognathus setosus, biting louses Trichodectes canis. Avertel was applied to the animal's skin surface in the forearm and shoulder joint singly at helminthosis, twice at arachno-entomosis at a dose of 1 ml/kg or 0,5 mg/kg of aversectine C1 and 5 mg/kg of praziquantel per kg. Singly applied to the skin in the tested dose Avertel shown a 100 % efficacy against cestodes in dogs and cats. Efficacy of this drug against nematodes in cats was 100 %, in dogs – 96,9 %. Applied twice to the skin with the interval of 14 days Avertel shown a 100 % efficacy against otodectosis in dogs and cats, sarcoptosis in dogs, notoedrosis in cats, linognatosis and trichodectosis in dogs. At ctenocephalosis in dogs the efficacy was 83,3, in cats – 87,5 %. The preparation was well tolerated by animals, no side effects were observed. 

Cumulative properties of a new domestic anthelmintic nadinate as well as its effect on cestodes and nematodes have been studied. The experiments have been performed in white mongrel male rats which were injected with a nadinate suspension prepared on the base of 1 % starch mucilage. Nadinat appointed in the first four days in a dose of 500,7 mg/kg and then every four days 1,5 times to 50 % death of animals. By injection of nadinate into the rats stomachs the cumulative coefficient was 3,2 over 28 days what is the evidence of absence of cumulative properties. 

The number dynamics of beet cyst nematodes in crop rotations with different saturation of host plants has been studied. The complex of measures for protection of sugar beet against beets heteroderosis has been improved. 

Based on the results of microscopic detection of zoonotic agents using virtualization preparations of distance education technologies the laboratory specialists of medical and preventive organizations of the Ministry of Health of the RF and Centers for Hygiene and Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor discuss methodological approaches to the estimation of their professional competence in laboratory diagnostic of parasitic diseases in human. The estimation of the above mentioned competence is possible when the following issues are solved:

- methods and techniques for assessment of formed competencies;

- requirements for assessment tools used for the determination of results’ validity;

- methodological basis for assessment of formed professional competencies from the viewpoint of integration of education with practical health care regarding the application of knowledge, skills and abilities in the process of conducting a complex of measures in the forming and functioning foci of zoonotic helminth infections.

Based on the above a question arises sharply in relation to assessment criteria for professional competence of laboratory specialists working in the field of microscopic diagnosis of zoohelminthosis. That is shown at the example of quality assessment in the determination of 9 species of the most spread agents of zoonotic helminthosis (of two taxonomic groups) in virtual drugs of distance learning technologies. The specialists of 757 laboratories of medical and preventive organizations as well as hygiene and epidemiology centers of various regions of Russian Federation are involved in this research study. Only 57 % of 7849 processed answers related to the determination of zoonotic agents contained correct diagnoses. The other 43 % of the answers were incorrect. The results point at the insufficient competence of laboratory specialists of medical and preventive organizations and centers for hygiene and epidemiology who are involved in microscopic determination of zoonotic helminthosis agents in biological material (feces). It should be pointed out that the competence of the above mentioned category of specialists is constantly decreasing. A complex of emergency measures is required to improve the pregraduate and postgraduate education in specialty «Parasitology» as well as to develop the methodological approaches for estimating specialists’ competence. A four- level evaluation of competence along with the specification of characteristics of each level has been suggested. 

(Approved by Commission on nematode diseases in plants at Division of Plant protection of Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences on 24th of September 2010)

A system of protection measures has been suggested to provide quarantine measures and methods for managing all elements of epiphytotic process. Protection measures carried out in bed greenhouses are based on applying clean substrates, in industrial greenhouses – on using healthy sprouts, ensuring substrate level control, applying resistant varieties and hybrids, ravaging of weeds. When a nidus is determined the following measures should be conducted to eliminate that nidus: localization of infection and increase of biological resistance of plants by using meliorants, plant growth regulating agents, trap plants; disinfection of ground using biogenic nematicides.