vniigisРоссийский паразитологический журналRussian Journal of Parasitology1998-84352541-7843ВНИИП – филиал ФГБНУ ФНЦ ВИЭВ РАН10.31016/1998-8435-2020-14-2-103-113vniigis-603Research ArticleЛЕЧЕНИЕ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКАTREATMENT AND PREVENTIONStomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: muscidae): средства и методы борьбы. ОбзорStomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: muscidae): means and methods of control. OverviewЛевченкоМ. А.LevchenkoМ. A.

117218, Москва, ул. Б. Черемушкинская, 28

28, B. Cheremushkinskaya st., Moscow, Russia, 117218

arsphoeb@mail.ruСиливановаЕ. А.SilivanovaE. A.

117218, Москва, ул. Б. Черемушкинская, 28

28, B. Cheremushkinskaya st., Moscow, Russia, 117218

arsphoeb@mail.ruВсероссийский научно-исследовательский институт фундаментальной и прикладной паразитологии животных и растений – филиал Федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Федеральный научный центр – Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт экспериментальной ветеринарии имени К. И. Скрябина и Я. Р. Коваленко Российской академии наук»РоссияAll-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plants – a branch of Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science "Federal Scientific Center – All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine named after K. I. Skryabin and Ya. R. Kovalenko of the Russian Academy of Sciences"Russian Federation202021062020142103113Copyright © Левченко М.А., Силиванова Е.А., 20202020Левченко М.А., Силиванова Е.А.Levchenko М.A., Silivanova E.A.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vniigis.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/603Цель исследований

Цель исследований: провести анализ и обобщение литературных данных об основных средствах и методах защиты животных от осенних жигалок Stomoxys calcitrans и снижения их численности.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы. Проведен анализ литературных данных из зарубежных источников за последние 30 лет, описывающих средства и методы контроля численности S. calcitrans и способы защиты животных от их нападения.

Результаты и обсуждение

Результаты и обсуждение. Представлен литературный обзор о средствах и методах контроля численности S. calcitrans. Химические средства широко распространены и могут быть использованы для борьбы с предимагинальными стадиями развития мух путем внесения в субстрат или скармливания животным, а также для борьбы со взрослыми насекомыми путем обработки поверхностей или в ловушках. При описании физических методов борьбы уделено внимание ловушкам и различным способам привлечения к ним насекомых. В качестве биологических методов контроля S. calcitrans исследователи активно изучают возможности и перспективы применения паразитоидов (например, перепончатокрылых, включающих четыре семейства и около десяти видов), более десяти видов клещей из разных семейств, энтомопатогенных нематод (вид Heterorhabditis bacteriophora), грибов и отдельных видов бактерий.

The purpose of the research: to analyze and summarize literature data on the main means and methods of protecting animals from stable flies Stomoxys calcitrans and to reduce their number.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods. The analysis of literature data from foreign sources over the past 30 years describing the means and methods of controlling the numbers of S. calcitrans and ways to protect animals from their attack.

Results and discussion

Results and discussion. A literature review on the means and methods of controlling the abundance of S. calcitrans is presented. Chemicals are widespread and can be used to combat the pre-adult stages of development of flies by introducing them into the substrate or feeding animals, as well as to combat adult insects by treating surfaces or in traps. In the description of physical control methods, attention is paid to traps and various methods of attracting insects to them. As biological control methods for S. calcitrans, researchers are actively studying the possibilities and prospects of using parasitoids (for example, Hymenoptera, including four families and about ten species), more than ten species of ticks from different families, entomopathogenic nematodes (a species of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora), fungi and individual species bacteria. 

осенняя жигалказоофильные мухикровососущие насекомыеконтроль численности мухstable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans)zoophilous fliesblood-sucking insectscontrol of flies’ populationReferencesAndress E. R., Campbell J. B. Inundative releases of pteromalid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) for the control of stable flies, Stomoxys сalcitrans (Diptera, Muscidae) at confined cattle installations in west Сentral Nebraska. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1994; 87 (3): 714–722. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/87.3.714Andress E. R., Campbell J. B. Inundative releases of pteromalid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) for the control of stable flies, Stomoxys сalcitrans (Diptera, Muscidae) at confined cattle installations in west Сentral Nebraska. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1994; 87 (3): 714–722. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/87.3.714Avila-Rodriguez V., Martinez-Lopez R., NavaCamberos U. et al. Pupal Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) of Filth-Breeding Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) of Dairy Stables of Jalisco, Mexico. Southwestern Entomologist. 2015; 40 (1): 141–149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/34.1.82Avila-Rodriguez V., Martinez-Lopez R., NavaCamberos U. et al. Pupal Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) of Filth-Breeding Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) of Dairy Stables of Jalisco, Mexico. Southwestern Entomologist. 2015; 40 (1): 141–149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/34.1.82Azevedo L. H., Ferreira M. P., Castilho R. C. et al. Potential of Macrocheles species (Acari: Mesostigmata: Macrochelidae) as control agents of harmful flies (Diptera) and biology of Macrocheles embersoni Azevedo, Castilho and Berto on Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) and Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Biological Control. 2018; 123: 1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. biocontrol.2018.04.013Azevedo L. H., Ferreira M. P., Castilho R. C. et al. Potential of Macrocheles species (Acari: Mesostigmata: Macrochelidae) as control agents of harmful flies (Diptera) and biology of Macrocheles embersoni Azevedo, Castilho and Berto on Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) and Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Biological Control. 2018; 123: 1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. biocontrol.2018.04.013Baldacchino F., Muenworn V., Desquesnes M. et al. Transmission of pathogens by Stomoxys flies (Diptera, Muscidae): a review. Parasite. 2013; 20: 26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2013026Baldacchino F., Muenworn V., Desquesnes M. et al. Transmission of pathogens by Stomoxys flies (Diptera, Muscidae): a review. Parasite. 2013; 20: 26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2013026Benelli G., Pavela R. Beyond mosquitoes – Essential oil toxicity and repellency against bloodsucking insects. Industrial Crops and Products. 2018; 117: 382–392. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. indcrop.2018.02.072Benelli G., Pavela R. Beyond mosquitoes – Essential oil toxicity and repellency against bloodsucking insects. Industrial Crops and Products. 2018; 117: 382–392. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. indcrop.2018.02.072Beresford D. V., Sutcliffe J. E. Male stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) response to CO2 changes with age: evidence from wind tunnel experiments and field collections. Journal of Vector Ecology. 2008; 33 (2): 247–254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3376/10811710-33.2.247Beresford D. V., Sutcliffe J. E. Male stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) response to CO2 changes with age: evidence from wind tunnel experiments and field collections. Journal of Vector Ecology. 2008; 33 (2): 247–254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3376/10811710-33.2.247Beresford D.V., Sutcliffe J.F. Evidence for StickyTrap Avoidance by Stable Fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), in Response to Trapped Flies. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 2017; 33 (3): 250–252. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.2987/17-6651r.1Beresford D.V., Sutcliffe J.F. Evidence for StickyTrap Avoidance by Stable Fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), in Response to Trapped Flies. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 2017; 33 (3): 250–252. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.2987/17-6651r.1Beresford D.V., Sutcliffe J.F. Studies on the effectiveness of Coroplast sticky traps for sampling stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae), including a comparison to Alsynite. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2006; 99 (3): 1025–1035. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1093/jee/99.3.1025Beresford D.V., Sutcliffe J.F. Studies on the effectiveness of Coroplast sticky traps for sampling stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae), including a comparison to Alsynite. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2006; 99 (3): 1025–1035. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1093/jee/99.3.1025Birkemoe T., Soleng A., Aak A. Biological control of Musca domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans by mass releases of the parasitoid Spalangia cameroni on two Norwegian pig farms. Biocontrol. 2009; 54 (3): 425–436. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526008-9190-9Birkemoe T., Soleng A., Aak A. Biological control of Musca domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans by mass releases of the parasitoid Spalangia cameroni on two Norwegian pig farms. Biocontrol. 2009; 54 (3): 425–436. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526008-9190-9Bittencourt A. J., de Castro B. G. Stomoxys calcitrans parasitism associated with cattle diseases in Espirito Santo do Pinhal, Rio Paulo, Brazil. Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences. 2004; 1026: 219–221. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1196/annals.1307.033Bittencourt A. J., de Castro B. G. Stomoxys calcitrans parasitism associated with cattle diseases in Espirito Santo do Pinhal, Rio Paulo, Brazil. Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences. 2004; 1026: 219–221. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1196/annals.1307.033Bull D. L., Meola R. W. Interactions of the insect growth-regulator pyriproxyfen with immature and adult stages of the stable fly. Southwestern Entomologist. 1994; 19 (3): 257–263.Bull D. L., Meola R. W. Interactions of the insect growth-regulator pyriproxyfen with immature and adult stages of the stable fly. Southwestern Entomologist. 1994; 19 (3): 257–263.Cilek J. E. Evaluation of various substances to increase adult Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) collections on Alsynite cylinder traps in north Florida. Journal of Medical Entomology. 1999; 36 (5): 605–609. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1093/jmedent/36.5.605Cilek J. E. Evaluation of various substances to increase adult Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) collections on Alsynite cylinder traps in north Florida. Journal of Medical Entomology. 1999; 36 (5): 605–609. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1093/jmedent/36.5.605Cilek J. E. Stable Fly, Stomoxys сalcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). In: Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer, Dordrecht. 2004. Pp. 2094–2097. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48380-7_4054Cilek J. E. Stable Fly, Stomoxys сalcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). In: Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer, Dordrecht. 2004. Pp. 2094–2097. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48380-7_4054Cilek J. E., Greene G. L. Stable Fly (Diptera, Muscidae) Insecticide Resistance in Kansas Cattle Feedlots. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1994; 87 (2): 275–279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ jee/87.2.275Cilek J. E., Greene G. L. Stable Fly (Diptera, Muscidae) Insecticide Resistance in Kansas Cattle Feedlots. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1994; 87 (2): 275–279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ jee/87.2.275Cook D. F., Jenkins S. N., Abbott L. K. et al. Amending Poultry Broiler Litter to Prevent the Development of Stable Fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) and Other Nuisance Flies. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2018; 111 (6): 2966–2973. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/ toy277Cook D. F., Jenkins S. N., Abbott L. K. et al. Amending Poultry Broiler Litter to Prevent the Development of Stable Fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) and Other Nuisance Flies. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2018; 111 (6): 2966–2973. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/ toy277Cruz-Vazquez C., Carvajal Marquez J., Lezama-Gutierrez R. et al. Efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae in the control of infestation by stable flies Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), under natural infestation conditions. Veterinary Parasitology. 2015; 212 (3–4): 350–355. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.003Cruz-Vazquez C., Carvajal Marquez J., Lezama-Gutierrez R. et al. Efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae in the control of infestation by stable flies Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), under natural infestation conditions. Veterinary Parasitology. 2015; 212 (3–4): 350–355. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.003Day J. F., Sjogren R. D. Vector Control by Removal Trapping. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1994; 50 (6): 126–133. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1994.50.126Day J. F., Sjogren R. D. Vector Control by Removal Trapping. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1994; 50 (6): 126–133. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1994.50.126Denning S. S., Washburn S. P., Watson D. W. Development of a novel walk-through fly trap for the control of horn flies and other pests on pastured dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2014; 97 (7): 4624–4631. DOI: https://doi. org/10.3168/jds.2013-7872Denning S. S., Washburn S. P., Watson D. W. Development of a novel walk-through fly trap for the control of horn flies and other pests on pastured dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2014; 97 (7): 4624–4631. DOI: https://doi. org/10.3168/jds.2013-7872Donahue W. A. Jr., Showler A. T., Donahue M. W. et al. Lethal Effects of the Insect Growth Regulator Cyromazine Against Three Species of Filth Flies, Musca domestica, Stomoxys calcitrans, and Fannia canicularis (Diptera: Muscidae) in Cattle, Swine, and Chicken Manure. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2017; 110 (2): 776–782. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1093/jee/tow294Donahue W. A. Jr., Showler A. T., Donahue M. W. et al. Lethal Effects of the Insect Growth Regulator Cyromazine Against Three Species of Filth Flies, Musca domestica, Stomoxys calcitrans, and Fannia canicularis (Diptera: Muscidae) in Cattle, Swine, and Chicken Manure. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2017; 110 (2): 776–782. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1093/jee/tow294Ferreira de Almeida M. A., Pires do Prado A. Aleochara spp. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) and Pupal Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Attacking Symbovine Fly Pupae (Diptera: Muscidae, Sarcophagidae and Otitidae) in Southeastern Brazil. Biological Control. 1999; 14 (2): 77–83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/ bcon.1998.0671Ferreira de Almeida M. A., Pires do Prado A. Aleochara spp. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) and Pupal Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Attacking Symbovine Fly Pupae (Diptera: Muscidae, Sarcophagidae and Otitidae) in Southeastern Brazil. Biological Control. 1999; 14 (2): 77–83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/ bcon.1998.0671Floate K. D. Field trials of Trichomalopsis sarcophagae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in cattle feedlots: a potential biocontrol agent of filth flies (Diptera: Muscidae). Canadian Entomologist. 2003; 135 (4): 599–608. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4039/n02-093Floate K. D. Field trials of Trichomalopsis sarcophagae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in cattle feedlots: a potential biocontrol agent of filth flies (Diptera: Muscidae). Canadian Entomologist. 2003; 135 (4): 599–608. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4039/n02-093Friesen K., Berkebile D. R., Zhu J. J. et al. Augmenting Laboratory Rearing of Stable FlyFriesen K., Berkebile D. R., Zhu J. J. et al. Augmenting Laboratory Rearing of Stable Fly(Diptera: Muscidae) Larvae with Ammoniacal Salts. Journal of Insect Science. 2017; 17: 21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iew119(Diptera: Muscidae) Larvae with Ammoniacal Salts. Journal of Insect Science. 2017; 17: 21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iew119Geden C. J., Moon R. D., Butler J. F. Host ranges of six solitary filth fly parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae, Chalcididae) from Florida, Eurasia, Morocco, and Brazil. Environmental Entomology. 2006; 35 (2): 405–412. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1603/0046-225x-35.2.405Geden C. J., Moon R. D., Butler J. F. Host ranges of six solitary filth fly parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae, Chalcididae) from Florida, Eurasia, Morocco, and Brazil. Environmental Entomology. 2006; 35 (2): 405–412. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1603/0046-225x-35.2.405Gilles J., David J. -F., Duvallet G. et al. Efficiency of traps for Stomoxys calcitrans and Stomoxys niger niger on Reunion Island. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2007; 21 (1): 65–69. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2006.00658.xGilles J., David J. -F., Duvallet G. et al. Efficiency of traps for Stomoxys calcitrans and Stomoxys niger niger on Reunion Island. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2007; 21 (1): 65–69. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2006.00658.xGuglielmone A.A., Volpogni M.M., Quaino O.R. et al. Abundance of stable flies on heifers treated for control of horn flies with organophosphate impregnated ear tags. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2004; 18 (1): 10–13. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-283x.2004.0466.xGuglielmone A.A., Volpogni M.M., Quaino O.R. et al. Abundance of stable flies on heifers treated for control of horn flies with organophosphate impregnated ear tags. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2004; 18 (1): 10–13. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-283x.2004.0466.xHammack L., Hesler L. S. Phenylpropanoids as attractants for adult Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Medical Entomology. 1996; 33 (5): 859–862.Hammack L., Hesler L. S. Phenylpropanoids as attractants for adult Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Medical Entomology. 1996; 33 (5): 859–862.Hieu T. T., Choi W. S., Kim S. I., Wang M., Ahn Y. J. Enhanced repellency of binary mixtures of Calophyllum inophyllum nut oil fatty acids or their esters and three terpenoids to Stomoxys calcitrans. Pest Management Science. 2015; 71 (9): 1213–1218.Hieu T. T., Choi W. S., Kim S. I., Wang M., Ahn Y. J. Enhanced repellency of binary mixtures of Calophyllum inophyllum nut oil fatty acids or their esters and three terpenoids to Stomoxys calcitrans. Pest Management Science. 2015; 71 (9): 1213–1218.Hieu T.T., Kim S.-I., Ahn Y.-J. Toxicity of Zanthoxylum piperitum and Zanthoxylum armatum Oil Constituents and Related Compounds to Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Medical Entomology. 2012; 49 (5): 1084–1091.Hieu T.T., Kim S.-I., Ahn Y.-J. Toxicity of Zanthoxylum piperitum and Zanthoxylum armatum Oil Constituents and Related Compounds to Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Medical Entomology. 2012; 49 (5): 1084–1091.Hieu T. T., Kim S. I., Kwon H. W. et al. Enhanced repellency of binary mixtures of Zanthoxylum piperitum pericarp steam distillate or Zanthoxylum armatum seed oil constituents and Calophyllum inophyllum nut oil and their aerosols to Stomoxys calcitrans. Pest Management Science. 2010; 66 (11): 1191–1198.Hieu T. T., Kim S. I., Kwon H. W. et al. Enhanced repellency of binary mixtures of Zanthoxylum piperitum pericarp steam distillate or Zanthoxylum armatum seed oil constituents and Calophyllum inophyllum nut oil and their aerosols to Stomoxys calcitrans. Pest Management Science. 2010; 66 (11): 1191–1198.Hogsette J. A., Farkas R., Coler R. R. Hymenopteran Pupal Parasites Recovered erom House-Fly and Stable Fly (Diptera, Muscidae) Pupae Collected on Livestock and Poultry Facilities in Northern and Central Hungary. Environmental Entomology. 1994; 23 (3): 778–781.Hogsette J. A., Farkas R., Coler R. R. Hymenopteran Pupal Parasites Recovered erom House-Fly and Stable Fly (Diptera, Muscidae) Pupae Collected on Livestock and Poultry Facilities in Northern and Central Hungary. Environmental Entomology. 1994; 23 (3): 778–781.Hogsette J. A., Farkas R., Thuróczy C. Hymenopteran Pupal Parasitoids Recovered from House Fly and Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Pupae Collected on Livestock Facilities in Southern and Eastern Hungary. Environmental Entomology. 2001; 30 (1): 107–111. https://doi. org/10.1603/0046-225X-30.1.107Hogsette J. A., Farkas R., Thuróczy C. Hymenopteran Pupal Parasitoids Recovered from House Fly and Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Pupae Collected on Livestock Facilities in Southern and Eastern Hungary. Environmental Entomology. 2001; 30 (1): 107–111. https://doi. org/10.1603/0046-225X-30.1.107Hogsette J. A., Kline D. L. The Knight Stick Trap and Knight Stick Sticky Wraps: New Tools for Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Management. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2017; 110 (3): 1384–1389.Hogsette J. A., Kline D. L. The Knight Stick Trap and Knight Stick Sticky Wraps: New Tools for Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Management. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2017; 110 (3): 1384–1389.Hogsette J. A., Nalli A., Foil L. D. Evaluation of different insecticides and fabric types for development of treated targets for stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) control. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2008; 10 1(3): 1034–1038.Hogsette J. A., Nalli A., Foil L. D. Evaluation of different insecticides and fabric types for development of treated targets for stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) control. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2008; 10 1(3): 1034–1038.Hogsette J. A., Ose G. A. Improved capture of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) by placement of knight stick sticky fly traps protected by electric fence inside animal exhibit yards at the Smithsonian's National Zoological Park. Zoo Biology. 2017; 36 (6): 382–386.Hogsette J. A., Ose G. A. Improved capture of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) by placement of knight stick sticky fly traps protected by electric fence inside animal exhibit yards at the Smithsonian's National Zoological Park. Zoo Biology. 2017; 36 (6): 382–386.Hogsette J. A., Ruff J. P. Permethrin-impregnated yarn: Longevity of efficacy and potential use on cylindrical fiberglass stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) traps. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1996; 89 (6): 1521–1525.Hogsette J. A., Ruff J. P. Permethrin-impregnated yarn: Longevity of efficacy and potential use on cylindrical fiberglass stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) traps. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1996; 89 (6): 1521–1525.Jones C. J., Weinzierl R. A. Geographical and temporal variation in pteromalid (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) parasitism of stable fly and house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) pupae collected from Illinois cattle feedlots. Environmental Entomology. 1997; 26 (2): 421–432.Jones C. J., Weinzierl R. A. Geographical and temporal variation in pteromalid (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) parasitism of stable fly and house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) pupae collected from Illinois cattle feedlots. Environmental Entomology. 1997; 26 (2): 421–432.Kaufman P. E., Mann R. S., Butler J. F. Insecticidal potency of novel compounds on multiple insect species of medical and veterinary importance. Pest Management Science. 2011; 67 (1): 26–35.Kaufman P. E., Mann R. S., Butler J. F. Insecticidal potency of novel compounds on multiple insect species of medical and veterinary importance. Pest Management Science. 2011; 67 (1): 26–35.Leal L. C. S. R., Monteiro C. M. O., Mendonça A. É., Bittencourt V. R. E. P., Bittencourt A. J. Potential of entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus Heterorhabditis for the control of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinaria. 2017; 26 (4): 451–456.Leal L. C. S. R., Monteiro C. M. O., Mendonça A. É., Bittencourt V. R. E. P., Bittencourt A. J. Potential of entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus Heterorhabditis for the control of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinaria. 2017; 26 (4): 451–456.Lohmeyer K. H., Pound J. M., Yeater K. M. et al. Efficacy of Novaluron as a Feed-Through for Control of Immature Horn Flies, House Flies, and Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) Developing in Cow Manure. Journal of Medical Entomology. 2014; 51 (4): 873–877.Lohmeyer K. H., Pound J. M., Yeater K. M. et al. Efficacy of Novaluron as a Feed-Through for Control of Immature Horn Flies, House Flies, and Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) Developing in Cow Manure. Journal of Medical Entomology. 2014; 51 (4): 873–877.Lohmeyer K. H., Pound J. M. Laboratory Evaluation of Novaluron as a Development Site Treatment for Controlling Larval Horn Flies, House Flies, and Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Medical Entomology. 2012; 49 (3): 647–651.Lohmeyer K. H., Pound J. M. Laboratory Evaluation of Novaluron as a Development Site Treatment for Controlling Larval Horn Flies, House Flies, and Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Medical Entomology. 2012; 49 (3): 647–651.Lopez-Sanchez J., Cruz-Vazquez C., LezamaGutierrez R. et al. Effect of entomopathogenic fungi upon adults of Stomoxys calcitrans and Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology. 2012; 22 (8): 969–973.Lopez-Sanchez J., Cruz-Vazquez C., LezamaGutierrez R. et al. Effect of entomopathogenic fungi upon adults of Stomoxys calcitrans and Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology. 2012; 22 (8): 969–973.Lysyk T. J., Kalischuk-Tymensen L. D., Selinger L. B. Mortality of Adult Stomoxys calcitrans Fed Isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2012; 105 (5): 1863–1870.Lysyk T. J., Kalischuk-Tymensen L. D., Selinger L. B. Mortality of Adult Stomoxys calcitrans Fed Isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2012; 105 (5): 1863–1870.Lysyk T. J. Relationships between temperature and life history parameters of Muscidifurax zaraptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Environmental Entomology. 2001; 30 (1): 147– 156. https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225x-30.1.147Lysyk T. J. Relationships between temperature and life history parameters of Muscidifurax zaraptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Environmental Entomology. 2001; 30 (1): 147– 156. https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225x-30.1.147Machtinger E. T., Geden C. J. Comparison of the Olfactory Preferences of Four of Filth Fly Pupal Parasitoid Species (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) for Hosts in Equine and Bovine Manure. Environmental Entomology. 2015; 44 (5): 1417– 1424.Machtinger E. T., Geden C. J. Comparison of the Olfactory Preferences of Four of Filth Fly Pupal Parasitoid Species (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) for Hosts in Equine and Bovine Manure. Environmental Entomology. 2015; 44 (5): 1417– 1424.Machtinger E. T., Weeks E. N. I., Geden C. J. Oviposition Deterrence and Immature Survival of Filth Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) When Exposed to Commercial Fungal Products. Journal of Insect Science. 2016; 16: 54.Machtinger E. T., Weeks E. N. I., Geden C. J. Oviposition Deterrence and Immature Survival of Filth Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) When Exposed to Commercial Fungal Products. Journal of Insect Science. 2016; 16: 54.Mann R. S., Kaufman P. E., Butler J. F. Evaluation of semiochemical toxicity to houseflies and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae). Pest Management Science. 2010; 66 (8): 816–824.Mann R. S., Kaufman P. E., Butler J. F. Evaluation of semiochemical toxicity to houseflies and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae). Pest Management Science. 2010; 66 (8): 816–824.McGarry J. W., Baker A. S. Observations on the mite fauna associated with adult Stomoxys calcitrans in the UK. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 1997; 11 (2): 159–164.McGarry J. W., Baker A. S. Observations on the mite fauna associated with adult Stomoxys calcitrans in the UK. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 1997; 11 (2): 159–164.Miller R. W. Inhibition of House-Flies and Stable Flies (Diptera, Muscidae) in Field-Spread Dairy Bedding from Cattle Treated with Diflubenzuron Boluses. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1994; 87 (2): 402–404.Miller R. W. Inhibition of House-Flies and Stable Flies (Diptera, Muscidae) in Field-Spread Dairy Bedding from Cattle Treated with Diflubenzuron Boluses. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1994; 87 (2): 402–404.Miller R. W., Schmidtmann E. T., Wauchope R. D. et al. Urine delivery of cyromazine for suppressing house and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in outdoor dairy calf hutches. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1996; 89 (3): 689–694.Miller R. W., Schmidtmann E. T., Wauchope R. D. et al. Urine delivery of cyromazine for suppressing house and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in outdoor dairy calf hutches. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1996; 89 (3): 689–694.Moraes A. P. R., Angelo I. C., Fernandes E. K. K. et al. Virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae to Eggs and Immature Stages of Stomoxys calcitrans. Book Series: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2008; 1149: 384–387.Moraes A. P. R., Angelo I. C., Fernandes E. K. K. et al. Virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae to Eggs and Immature Stages of Stomoxys calcitrans. Book Series: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2008; 1149: 384–387.Murchie A. K., Hall C. E., Gordon A. W. et al. Black Border Increases Stomoxys calcitrans Catch on White Sticky Traps. Insects. 2018; 9 (1): 13.Murchie A. K., Hall C. E., Gordon A. W. et al. Black Border Increases Stomoxys calcitrans Catch on White Sticky Traps. Insects. 2018; 9 (1): 13.Niogret J., Nicot A. Combined approach using morphology and ITS-sequences for description of three new species of Macrocheles (Acari: Macrochelidae). Zootaxa. 2008; 1873: 39–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1873.1.4Niogret J., Nicot A. Combined approach using morphology and ITS-sequences for description of three new species of Macrocheles (Acari: Macrochelidae). Zootaxa. 2008; 1873: 39–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1873.1.4Parashar B. D., Gupta G. P., Sikder N. et al. Diethylphenylacetamide – a New Insect Repellent Against Stable Fly, Stomoxys-Calcitrans. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 1993; 7 (3): 259– 262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1993. tb00685.xParashar B. D., Gupta G. P., Sikder N. et al. Diethylphenylacetamide – a New Insect Repellent Against Stable Fly, Stomoxys-Calcitrans. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 1993; 7 (3): 259– 262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1993. tb00685.xPhasuk J., Prabaripai A., Chareonviriyaphap T. A Comparison of Attractants for Sampling Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) on Dairy Farms in Saraburi Province, Thailand. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2016; 109 (2): 942–946.Phasuk J., Prabaripai A., Chareonviriyaphap T. A Comparison of Attractants for Sampling Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) on Dairy Farms in Saraburi Province, Thailand. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2016; 109 (2): 942–946.Pickens L. G., Mills G. D. Solar-Powered Electrocuting Trap for Controlling House-Flies and Stable Flies (Diptera, Muscidae). Journal of Medical Entomology. 1993; 30 (5): 872–877. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/30.5.872Pickens L. G., Mills G. D. Solar-Powered Electrocuting Trap for Controlling House-Flies and Stable Flies (Diptera, Muscidae). Journal of Medical Entomology. 1993; 30 (5): 872–877. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/30.5.872Romero A., Broce A., Zurek L. Role of bacteria in the oviposition behaviour and larval development of stable flies. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2006; 20 (1): 115–121. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2006.00602.xRomero A., Broce A., Zurek L. Role of bacteria in the oviposition behaviour and larval development of stable flies. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2006; 20 (1): 115–121. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2006.00602.xRoss D. H., Heird C., Byrd J. W. Safety of elevated dosages of a 0.24% diflubenzuron pellet administered orally to horses. Veterinary Therapeutics. 2007; 8 (1): 61–76.Ross D. H., Heird C., Byrd J. W. Safety of elevated dosages of a 0.24% diflubenzuron pellet administered orally to horses. Veterinary Therapeutics. 2007; 8 (1): 61–76.Rueda L. M., Roh P. U., Ryu J. L. Pupal parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) of filth flies (Diptera: Muscidae, Calliphoridae) breeding in refuse and poultry and livestock manure in South Korea. Journal of Medical Entomology. 1997; 34 (1): 82–85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ jmedent/34.1.82Rueda L. M., Roh P. U., Ryu J. L. Pupal parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) of filth flies (Diptera: Muscidae, Calliphoridae) breeding in refuse and poultry and livestock manure in South Korea. Journal of Medical Entomology. 1997; 34 (1): 82–85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ jmedent/34.1.82Schofield S., Witty C., Brady J. Effects of carbon dioxide, acetone and 1-octen-3-ol on the activity of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans. Physiological Entomology. 1997; 22 (3): 256–260.Schofield S., Witty C., Brady J. Effects of carbon dioxide, acetone and 1-octen-3-ol on the activity of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans. Physiological Entomology. 1997; 22 (3): 256–260.Serra N. S. J., Goulart H. F., Triana M. F. et al. Identification of stable fly attractant compounds in vinasse, a byproduct of sugarcane-ethanol distillation. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2017; 31 (4): 381–391.Serra N. S. J., Goulart H. F., Triana M. F. et al. Identification of stable fly attractant compounds in vinasse, a byproduct of sugarcane-ethanol distillation. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2017; 31 (4): 381–391.Skovgard H., Jespersen J. B. Activity and relative abundance of hymenopterous parasitoids that attack puparia of Musca domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) on confined pig and cattle farms in Denmark. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 1999; 89 (3): 263–269.Skovgard H., Jespersen J. B. Activity and relative abundance of hymenopterous parasitoids that attack puparia of Musca domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) on confined pig and cattle farms in Denmark. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 1999; 89 (3): 263–269.Skovgard H., Nachman G. Biological control of house flies Musca domestica and stable flies Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) by means of inundative releases of Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research. 2004; 94 (6): 555–567.Skovgard H., Nachman G. Biological control of house flies Musca domestica and stable flies Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) by means of inundative releases of Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research. 2004; 94 (6): 555–567.Tainchum K., Shukri S., Duvallet G. et al. Phenotypic susceptibility to pyrethroids and organophosphate of wild Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) populations in southwestern France. Parasitology Research. 2018; 117 (12): 4027–4032. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00436-018-6109-yTainchum K., Shukri S., Duvallet G. et al. Phenotypic susceptibility to pyrethroids and organophosphate of wild Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) populations in southwestern France. Parasitology Research. 2018; 117 (12): 4027–4032. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00436-018-6109-yTaylor D. B., Friesen K., Zhu J. J. et al. Efficacy of Cyromazine to Control Immature Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) Developing in Winter Hay Feeding Sites. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2012; 105 (2): 726–731.Taylor D. B., Friesen K., Zhu J. J. et al. Efficacy of Cyromazine to Control Immature Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) Developing in Winter Hay Feeding Sites. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2012; 105 (2): 726–731.Taylor D. B., Moon R. D., Mark D. R. Economic Impact of Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on Dairy and Beef Cattle Production. Journal of Medical Entomology. 2012; 49 (1): 198–209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1603/me10050Taylor D. B., Moon R. D., Mark D. R. Economic Impact of Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on Dairy and Beef Cattle Production. Journal of Medical Entomology. 2012; 49 (1): 198–209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1603/me10050Thomas G. D., Skoda S. R., Berkebile D. R. et al. Scheduled sanitation to reduce stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) populations in beef cattle feedlots. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1996; 89 (2): 411–414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ jee/89.2.411Thomas G. D., Skoda S. R., Berkebile D. R. et al. Scheduled sanitation to reduce stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) populations in beef cattle feedlots. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1996; 89 (2): 411–414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ jee/89.2.411Watson D. W., Geden C. J., Long S. J. et al. Efficacy of Beauveria-Bassiana for Controlling the HouseFly and Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Biological Control. 1995; 5 (3): 405–411. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1006/bcon.1995.1048Watson D. W., Geden C. J., Long S. J. et al. Efficacy of Beauveria-Bassiana for Controlling the HouseFly and Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Biological Control. 1995; 5 (3): 405–411. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1006/bcon.1995.1048Weeks E. N. I., Machtinger E. T., Gezan S. A. et al. Effects of four commercial fungal formulations on mortality and sporulation in house flies (Musca domestica) and stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans). Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2017; 31 (1): 15–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/mve.12201Weeks E. N. I., Machtinger E. T., Gezan S. A. et al. Effects of four commercial fungal formulations on mortality and sporulation in house flies (Musca domestica) and stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans). Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2017; 31 (1): 15–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/mve.12201Zhu J. J., Dunlap C. A., Behle R. W. et al. Repellency of a Wax-Based Catnip-Oil Formulation against Stable Flies. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2010; 58 (23): 12320–12326. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf102811kZhu J. J., Dunlap C. A., Behle R. W. et al. Repellency of a Wax-Based Catnip-Oil Formulation against Stable Flies. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2010; 58 (23): 12320–12326. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf102811kZhu J. J., Wienhold B. J., Wehrle J. et al. Efficacy and longevity of newly developed catnip oil microcapsules against stable fly oviposition and larval growth. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2014; 28 (2): 222–227. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1111/mve.12029 71. Zhu J. J., Zhang Q.-he, Taylor D. B. et al. Visual and olfactory enhancement of stable fly trapping. Pest Management Science. 2016; 72 (9): 1765– 1771. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4207Zhu J. J., Wienhold B. J., Wehrle J. et al. Efficacy and longevity of newly developed catnip oil microcapsules against stable fly oviposition and larval growth. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2014; 28 (2): 222–227. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1111/mve.12029 71. Zhu J. J., Zhang Q.-he, Taylor D. B. et al. Visual and olfactory enhancement of stable fly trapping. Pest Management Science. 2016; 72 (9): 1765– 1771. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4207

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.