<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vniigis</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский паразитологический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Parasitology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-8435</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-7843</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ВНИИП – филиал ФГБНУ ФНЦ ВИЭВ РАН</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vniigis-402</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ АПОПТОЗА ЛИМФОЦИТОВ КРОВИ ЖИВОТНЫХ ПРИ ГЕЛЬМИНТОЗАХ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>STUDY OF MARKERS OF BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES APOPTOSIS IN ANIMALS AT HELMINTHIASES</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гришина</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grishina</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">gelana2010@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБОУ ДПО Российская медицинская академия последипломного образования Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>40</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>162</fpage><lpage>167</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гришина Е.А., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гришина Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Grishina E.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vniigis.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/402">https://vniigis.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/402</self-uri><abstract><p>Изучение роли апоптоза клеток крови позволяет наиболее точно определить механизмы развития иммунопатологии в целом, и иммуносупрессии - в частности. Целью исследований было изучить морфологические и молекулярные показатели апоптоза лимфоцитов периферической крови при трихоцефалезе мышей и пассалурозе кроликов для определения возможных механизмов развития вторичной иммунодепрессии при хронизации гельминтозного процесса. Материалы и методы . В ходе эксперимента животные были подразделены на следующие группы: 1) интактные мыши (контрольная группа) - 15 шт.; 2) интактные кролики (контрольная группа) - 10 шт.; 3) мыши, зараженные Trichocephalus muris (Schrank,1788) - 60 шт.; 4) кролики, зараженные Passalurus ambiguous (Rudolphi, 1819) - 30 шт. Для приготовления мазков через 1, 2, 3 и 6, 7, 8 недель после заражения служила кровь из хвостовой вены мышей и из ушной вены кроликов. Определение лейкоцитарной формулы и исследование морфологических признаков апоптоза проводили методом световой микроскопии мазков крови, окрашенных по Романовскому [ 2 ]. Для молекулярных исследований мононуклеарные лейкоциты выделяли из цельной венозной крови путем центрифугирования на градиенте плотности Ficoll-Paque (=1,077 г/см3, «Pharmacia», Швеция) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit12">12</xref>]. Концентрацию проапоптотического белка caspase-3 и антиапоптотического белка Bcl-2 определяли в лизате лимфоцитов методом иммуноферментного анализа с использованием наборов Human Caspase-3 instant ELISA и Human Bcl-2 ELISA фирмы «Bender MedSystems GmbH» (Вена, Австрия). Результаты и обсуждение. Анализ полученных данных свидетельствует о том, что при заражении животных гельминтами и в процессе хронизации гельминтозных процессов на протяжении 8 недель происходят достоверно значимые изменения в общем числе лейкоцитов, общем количестве лимфоцитов и количестве лимфоцитов с морфологическими признаками апоптоза, а также в уровнях проапоптотического белка caspase-3 и антиапоптотического белка Bcl-2. В результате проведенного комплексного исследования достоверно показано, что у животных от начала заражения до хронической стадии гельминтозного процесса наблюдается постепенное и значительное повышение апоптотической активности лимфоцитов на рецепторном и клеточном уровнях. Это проявляется в повышении содержания количества лимфоцитов с морфологическими признаками апоптоза на фоне увеличения уровня проапоптотического белка caspase-3 и снижения уровня антиапоптотического белка Bcl-2.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Studying the role of apoptosis of blood cells allows to determine more precisely the mechanisms of immunopathology in general, and immunosuppression - in particular. The aim of that research was to study morphological and molecular indicators of apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes in mice infected with Trichocephalus muris and rabbits infected with Passalurus ambiguus to determine possible mechanisms of secondary immunosuppression development under chronisation of helminthiasis. Materials and methods. During the experiment, the animals were divided into the following groups: 1) intact mice (control group) - 15 ind.; 2) intact rabbits (control group) - 10 ind.; 3) mice infected with Trichocephalus muris (Schrank, 1788) - 60 ind.; 4) rabbits infected with Passalurus ambiguous (Rudolphi, 1819 ) - 30 ind. Blood from the tail vein of mice, and the ear vein of rabbits was used to prepare smears 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8 weeks after infestation. Light microscopy of blood smears stained by Romanovsky’s method [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit2">2</xref>] was applied for leucogram determination and investigation of morphological indicators of apoptosis. For molecular studies, mononuclear leukocytes were isolated from venous whole blood by density gradient centrifugation using Ficoll-Paque media (= 1,077 g / cm3, «Pharmacia», Sweden) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit12">12</xref>]. The concentration of the pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3 and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was determined in lysates of lymphocytes by ELISA using kits Human Caspase-3 instant ELISA and the Human Bcl-2 ELISA of the company «Bender MedSystems GmbH» (Vienna, Austria). Results and discussion. The analysis of obtained data shows that at helminth infection of animals and under chronisation of helminthiasis, statistically significant changes occur within 8 weeks in the total number of leukocytes, the total number of lymphocytes and lymphocytes with morphological signs of apoptosis, as well as in pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3 and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein. This comprehensive study convincingly shown that a gradual and significant increase in apoptotic activity of lymphocytes on the receptor and cellular levels is observed in animals in the period from the beginning of infestation up to the chronic stage of helminthiasis. This is manifested in the increased number of lymphocytes with morphological features of apoptosis against the background of the increased level of pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3, and the reduced level of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гельминтозы</kwd><kwd>иммунитет</kwd><kwd>иммунодепрессия</kwd><kwd>апоптоз лимфоцитов</kwd><kwd>индукторы и ингибиторы апоптоза</kwd><kwd>helminthiasis</kwd><kwd>immunity</kwd><kwd>immunosuppression</kwd><kwd>apoptosis of lymphocytes</kwd><kwd>inductors and inhibitors of apoptosis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бекиш В.Я., Дурнев А.Д. Генотоксическое и цито-токсическое воздействия белковых соматических продуктов гельминтов на лимфоциты крови доноров in vitro // Бюллетень экспериментальной биологии и медицины. - 2004. - Т. 138, № 8. - С. 198-201.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Бекиш В.Я., Дурнев А.Д. Генотоксическое и цито-токсическое воздействия белковых соматических продуктов гельминтов на лимфоциты крови доноров in vitro // Бюллетень экспериментальной биологии и медицины. - 2004. - Т. 138, № 8. - С. 198-201.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рябыкина Н. В. Исследование апоптоза клеток белой крови и изменение лейкоцитарной формулы у старых самцов мышей при действии гипогидратационного стресса и α- токоферолацетата // Молодой ученый. - 2010. - №12. Т.1. - С. 57-59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Рябыкина Н. В. Исследование апоптоза клеток белой крови и изменение лейкоцитарной формулы у старых самцов мышей при действии гипогидратационного стресса и α- токоферолацетата // Молодой ученый. - 2010. - №12. Т.1. - С. 57-59.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фильченков, А.А. Апоптоз и рак / А.А. Фильченков, Р.С. Стойка // Киев: Морион. 1999. - 184 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Фильченков, А.А. Апоптоз и рак / А.А. Фильченков, Р.С. Стойка // Киев: Морион. 1999. - 184 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ярилин А.А. Иммунология: учебник. 2010. - 752 с.: ил.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ярилин А.А. Иммунология: учебник. 2010. - 752 с.: ил.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alam M. S., Chowdhury M. A. Z., Khaliq Q. A., Yasmin S. Stability analysis for seed yield and its components in soybean (Glycýne max (L.) Merrill). Annals of Bangladesh Agriculture, 1999, no. 9, pp. 43-48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alam M. S., Chowdhury M. A. Z., Khaliq Q. A., Yasmin S. Stability analysis for seed yield and its components in soybean (Glycýne max (L.) Merrill). Annals of Bangladesh Agriculture, 1999, no. 9, pp. 43-48.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bekish V.J. The alterations in genetic apparatus of somatic and generative cells of the host caused by helminthes metabolites. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne (Poland), 2001, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 891-896.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bekish V.J. The alterations in genetic apparatus of somatic and generative cells of the host caused by helminthes metabolites. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne (Poland), 2001, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 891-896.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chow S.C., Brown A., Pritchard D. The human hookworm pathogen Necator americanus induces apoptosis in T lymphocytes. Parasite Immunology, 2000, vol. 22, pp. 29-37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chow S.C., Brown A., Pritchard D. The human hookworm pathogen Necator americanus induces apoptosis in T lymphocytes. Parasite Immunology, 2000, vol. 22, pp. 29-37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eymin В., Claverie P. Salon C. PI4arf Triggers G2 Arrest through. Oncogene, 1999, vol. 18, pp. 1411-1418.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eymin В., Claverie P. Salon C. PI4arf Triggers G2 Arrest through. Oncogene, 1999, vol. 18, pp. 1411-1418.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Estaquier J., Marguerite M., Sahuc F. Interleukin 10-mediated T cell apoptosis during the T helper type 2 cytokine response in murine Schistosoma mansoni parasite infection. Eur. Cytokine Netw., 1997, vol. 8, pp. 153-160.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Estaquier J., Marguerite M., Sahuc F. Interleukin 10-mediated T cell apoptosis during the T helper type 2 cytokine response in murine Schistosoma mansoni parasite infection. Eur. Cytokine Netw., 1997, vol. 8, pp. 153-160.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fadeel, B., Orrenius S., Zhivotovsky B. Apoptosis in human disease: a new skin for the old ceremony?” Biochem Biophys Res Commun., 1999, vol. 266, no.3, pp. 699-717.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fadeel, B., Orrenius S., Zhivotovsky B. Apoptosis in human disease: a new skin for the old ceremony?” Biochem Biophys Res Commun., 1999, vol. 266, no.3, pp. 699-717.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fallon P.G., Smith P., Dunne D.W. Type 1 type 2 cytokine producing mouse CD4+ and CD8+ cells in acute Schistosoma mansoni infection. Eur. J. Immunol., 1998, vol. 28, pp. 1408-1416.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fallon P.G., Smith P., Dunne D.W. Type 1 type 2 cytokine producing mouse CD4+ and CD8+ cells in acute Schistosoma mansoni infection. Eur. J. Immunol., 1998, vol. 28, pp. 1408-1416.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fernando H.C., Luketich J.D., Christie N.A., Ikramuddin S., Schauer P.R. Outcomes of laparoscopic Toupet compared to laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. Surg. Endose., 2002, vol.1, pp. 905-908.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fernando H.C., Luketich J.D., Christie N.A., Ikramuddin S., Schauer P.R. Outcomes of laparoscopic Toupet compared to laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. Surg. Endose., 2002, vol.1, pp. 905-908.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gondal, M.A., Laser photoacoustic spectrometer for remote monitoring of atmospheric pollutants, Applied Optics, 1997, vol. 36, no. 15ISSN: 1559-128X (print) ISSN: 2155-3165 (online)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gondal, M.A., Laser photoacoustic spectrometer for remote monitoring of atmospheric pollutants, Applied Optics, 1997, vol. 36, no. 15ISSN: 1559-128X (print) ISSN: 2155-3165 (online)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kennedy P. M., Lowry, J. B., Conlan, L. L., Isolation of grass cell walls as neutral detergent fibre increases their fermentability for rumen micro-organisms. J. Sci. Food Agric., 1999, vol. 79, no. 4, pp. 544-548.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kennedy P. M., Lowry, J. B., Conlan, L. L., Isolation of grass cell walls as neutral detergent fibre increases their fermentability for rumen micro-organisms. J. Sci. Food Agric., 1999, vol. 79, no. 4, pp. 544-548.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Los M., Stroh C., Jänicke R.U. Caspases: more than just killers? Trends Immunol., 2001, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 31-34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Los M., Stroh C., Jänicke R.U. Caspases: more than just killers? Trends Immunol., 2001, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 31-34.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lundy S.K., Lerman S.P., Boros D.L. Soluble egg antigen-stimulated T helper lymphocyte apoptosis and evidence for cell death mediated by FasL+ T and B cells during murine Schistosoma mansoni infection. Infection and Immunity, 2001, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 271-280.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lundy S.K., Lerman S.P., Boros D.L. Soluble egg antigen-stimulated T helper lymphocyte apoptosis and evidence for cell death mediated by FasL+ T and B cells during murine Schistosoma mansoni infection. Infection and Immunity, 2001, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 271-280.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robertson J.D., Orrenius S., Zhivotovsky B.J. Struct. Biol., 2000, no.129, pp. 346-358.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robertson J.D., Orrenius S., Zhivotovsky B.J. Struct. Biol., 2000, no.129, pp. 346-358.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rumbley C.A., Zekavat S.A., Sugaya H. The schistosome granulema: characterization of lymphocyte migration, activation and cytokine production. J. Immunol. 1998, vol. 161, pp. 4129- 4137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rumbley C.A., Zekavat S.A., Sugaya H. The schistosome granulema: characterization of lymphocyte migration, activation and cytokine production. J. Immunol. 1998, vol. 161, pp. 4129- 4137.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tato P., Fernandez A.M., Solano S. A cysteine protease from Taenia solium metacestodes induce apoptosis in human CD4+ T-cells. Parasitol. Res., 2004, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 197-204.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tato P., Fernandez A.M., Solano S. A cysteine protease from Taenia solium metacestodes induce apoptosis in human CD4+ T-cells. Parasitol. Res., 2004, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 197-204.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou D., Lambert, S., Malen P.L., Carpenter S., Boland L.M., Bennett V. J. Cell Biol., 1998, no. 143, pp.1295-1304.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou D., Lambert, S., Malen P.L., Carpenter S., Boland L.M., Bennett V. J. Cell Biol., 1998, no. 143, pp.1295-1304.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang J, Rosenberg HF, Nei M. Positive Darwinian selection after gene duplication in primate ribonuclease genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 1998, no. 95, pp. 3708-3713.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang J, Rosenberg HF, Nei M. Positive Darwinian selection after gene duplication in primate ribonuclease genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 1998, no. 95, pp. 3708-3713.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
