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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vniigis</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский паразитологический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Parasitology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-8435</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-7843</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ВНИИП – филиал ФГБНУ ФНЦ ВИЭВ РАН</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31016/1998-8435-2023-17-1-57-73</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vniigis-1008</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКОЛОГИЯ И БИОЛОГИЯ ПАРАЗИТОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY OF PARASITES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Миксоспоридии рода Kudoa (локализация в организме рыб, форма спор и пути их попадания во внешнюю среду и в новых хозяев)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Myxosporeans of the genus Kudoa (localization in the fish body, the form of spores and ways of their entry into the environment and into new hosts)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0571-6716</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юрахно</surname><given-names>В. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yurakhno</surname><given-names>V. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юрахно Виолетта Михайловна, кандидат биологических наук </p><p>299011, г. Севастополь, проспект Нахимова, 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yurakhno Violetta M., Candidate of Biological Sciences </p><p>299011, Sevastopol, Nakhimov avenue, 2</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">viola_taurica@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Федеральный исследовательский центр «Институт биологии южных морей имени А. О. Ковалевского РАН»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">A. O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>57</fpage><lpage>73</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Юрахно В.М., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Юрахно В.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yurakhno V.M.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vniigis.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1008">https://vniigis.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1008</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследований – изучить локализацию миксоспоридий рода Kudoa Meglitsch, 1947 в организме рыб и возможные пути освоения ими органов и тканей в процессе эволюции, связанную с локализацией форму спор, а также пути их выхода в окружающую среду и попадания в новых хозяев.Материалы и методы. В основу работы положены собственные материалы по миксоспоридиям рыб Чёрного, Азовского и Средиземного морей, а также Атлантического, Индийского и Тихого океанов, собранные в 1987–2021 гг. Всего нами исследовано более 12000 экз. рыб более чем 100 видов. Также проанализированы описания 126 видов миксоспоридий рода Kudoa, известные в мировой научной литературе до 2021 г. включительно. Для этого проработано 450 отечественных и зарубежных работ. Материал собирали методом неполных паразитологических вскрытий. Сделанные из тканей мазки обрабатывали по общепринятой методике с изготовлением постоянных препаратов. Все промеры выполнены по стандартной методике. Для оценки численности паразитов использованы стандартные показатели: экстенсивность и интенсивность инвазии.Результаты и обсуждение. Всего нами исследовано 19 видов миксоспоридий рода Kudoa и 8 – Kudoa spp. Шесть видов (K. stellula, K. niluferi, K. anatolica из Черного моря, K. unicapsula из Средиземного моря, K. borimiri и K. igori из Южно-Китайского (или Восточного) моря) оказались новыми для науки. Нами установлено 24 места паразитирования миксоспоридий данного рода в организме рыб. 83 вида (66%, или 2/3 видов) встречается в мышцах, иногда поражая (8 видов) и другие ткани и органы хозяина. 43 вида (34%, или 1/3 видов) представителей рода Kudoa никогда не встречается в мышечной ткани. Первичными местами паразитирования миксоспоридий рода Кудоа были, вероятно, стенка кишечника и желчный пузырь, далее паразиты осваивали другие внутренние органы рыб и, в конечном итоге, – мозговую и мышечную ткани. Обозначены предположительные пути попадания спор во внешнюю среду и в новых хозяев. Предположено, что наиболее древними формами являются двустворчатые Kudoa, паразитирующие в желчном пузыре, четырехстворчатые Kudoa необычной формы, напоминающей представителей других родов и паразитирующие, главным образом, во внутренних органах, а также четырехстворчатые Kudoa с классической квадратной формой спор, округлыми вершинами створок, с четырьмя равными полярными капсулами и наиболее мелкими размерами. Споры с заостренной звездчатой формой (исключительно мышечные формы) и споры с пятью и более створками и полярными капсулами (встречающиеся в мышцах и мозге и имеющие бóльшие размеры) следует считать возникшими в более позднее время. Выделены пути попадания спор в окружающую среду и в новых хозяев.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The purpose of the research is to study the localization of myxosporeans of the genus Kudoa Meglitsch, 1947 in body fish and possible ways for them to master organs and tissues in the process of evolution, the form of spores associated with localization, as well as the ways of their release into the environment and getting into new hosts.Materials and methods. The work is based on our own materials on fish myxosporeans from the Black, Azov and Mediterranean seas, as well as the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans, collected in 1987–2021. In total, we have studied more than 12,000 sp. more than 100 species of fish. We also analyzed descriptions of 126 species of myxosporeans of the genus Kudoa, known in the world scientific literature until 2021 inclusive. For this, 450 domestic and foreign works have been worked out. The material was collected by the method of incomplete parasitological dissections. Smears made from tissues were processed according to the generally accepted method with the manufacture of permanent preparations. All measurements were made according to the standard method. To assess the number of parasites, standard indicators were used: the extensiveness and intensity of infection.Results and discussion. In total, we studied 19 species of myxosporeans of the genus Kudoa and 8 species of Kudoa spp. Six species (K. stellula, K. niluferi, K. anatolica from the Black Sea, K. unicapsula from the Mediterranean Sea, K. borimiri and K. igori from the South China (or East) Sea) were new to science. We have established 24 places of parasitism of myxosporeans of this genus in the body of fish. 83 species (66%, or 2/3 species) are found in muscles, sometimes affecting (8 species) other tissues and organs of the host. 43 species (34%, or 1/3 species) of representatives of the genus Kudoa are never found in muscle tissue. The primary sites of parasitism of myxosporeans of the genus Kudoa were probably the intestinal wall and gallbladder, then the parasites mastered other internal organs of fish and, ultimately, brain and muscle. The hypothetical ways of getting spores into the external environment and into new hosts are indicated. It is assumed that the most ancient forms are bivalve Kudoa, parasitizing in the gallbladder, four-valve Kudoa of an unusual shape, resembling representatives of other genera and parasitizing mainly in internal organs, as well as four-valve Kudoa with a classical square spore shape, rounded valve tops, with four equal polar capsules and the smallest sizes. Spores with a pointed stellate shape (only muscular forms) and spores with five or more valves and polar capsules (occurring in muscle and brain and having a larger size) should be considered to have arisen at a later time. The ways of getting spores into the environment and into new hosts are highlighted.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Myxosporea</kwd><kwd>Kudoa</kwd><kwd>локализация</kwd><kwd>пути эволюции</kwd><kwd>форма спор</kwd><kwd>варианты распространения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Myxosporeans</kwd><kwd>Kudoa</kwd><kwd>localization</kwd><kwd>evolutionary paths</kwd><kwd>spore form</kwd><kwd>distribution variants</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФГБУН ФИЦ ИнБЮМ им. А. О Ковалевского РАН № 121030100028-0 «Закономерности формирования и антропогенная трансформация биоразнообразия и биоресурсов Азово-Черноморского бассейна и других районов Мирового океана».</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The work was carried out within the framework of the state task of the FGBUN FRC InBYuM. A. O Kovalevsky RAS No. 121030100028-0 "Regularities of formation and anthropogenic transformation of biodiversity and bioresources of the Azov-Black Sea basin and other regions of the World Ocean".</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Быховская-Павловская И. Е. Паразиты рыб: Руководство по изучению. Методы зоологических исследований – практике. Л.: Наука, Ленинград. отд-ние, 1985. 123 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya I. E. 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